Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| Before the spread of COVID-19 (n = 182) | After the spread of COVID-19 (n = 75) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age [years] | 73 [62–80] | 71 [58–79] | 0.276 |
| Male, n (%) | 119 (65.4) | 53 (70.7) | 0.467 |
| Body mass index [kg/m2] | 23.5 [21.2–26.2] | 24.0 [21.4–27.0] | 0.550 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction [%] | 41.0 [30.0–59.2] | 41.0 [27.0–60.0] | 0.655 |
| NYHA classification ≥ III, n (%) | 152 (94.4) | 64 (95.5) | 1.000 |
| Medications, n (%) | |||
| ACE inhibitor | 78 (42.9) | 34 (45.3) | 0.782 |
| ARB | 80 (44.0) | 30 (40.0) | 0.582 |
| Beta-blocker | 155 (85.2) | 59 (78.7) | 0.204 |
| MRA | 103 (56.6) | 36.0 (48.0) | 0.218 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||
| Hypertension | 99 (54.4) | 46 (61.3) | 0.335 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 64 (35.2) | 25 (33.3) | 0.886 |
| Dyslipidemia | 52 (28.6) | 24 (32.0) | 0.652 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 80 (44.0) | 28 (37.3) | 0.404 |
| COPD | 14 (7.7) | 2 (2.7) | 0.163 |
| Dementia | 2 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
| Prior heart failure | 78 (42.9) | 26 (34.7) | 0.264 |
| Prior myocardial infarction | 18 (9.9) | 10 (13.3) | 0.509 |
| Laboratory data | |||
| B-type natriuretic peptide [pg/mL] | 824.8 [444.3–1527.9] | 747.2 [357.9–1323.4] | 0.239 |
| C-reactive protein [mg/dL] | 0.5 [0.2–1.4] | 0.3 [0.1–1.1] | 0.063 |
| eGFR [mL/min/1.73 m2] | 43.0 [29.0–54.3] | 43.0 [29.0–54.0] | 0.902 |
| Hemoglobin [g/dL] | 12.4 [10.7–13.7] | 12.8 [10.6–14.8] | 0.243 |
| White blood cells [× 103 μL] | 6.9 [5.5–9.0] | 7.3 [5.8–9.5] | 0.450 |
| Physical frailty, n (%) | 44 (24.2) | 24 (32.0) | 0.215 |
| Social frailty, n (%) | 111 (61.0) | 57 (76.0) | 0.022 |
| Cognitive impairment, n (%) | 36 (19.8) | 16 (21.3) | 0.865 |
| Depressive symptoms, n (%) | 34 (18.7) | 24 (32.0) | 0.032 |
Values are presented as median [interquartile range] or number (%)
ACE inhibitor angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB angiotensin II receptor blocker; COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019; eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate; MRA mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NYHA classification New York Heart Association classification