Figure 1.

Pressure-volume loops. (A) Normal PV-loop and PV-loop in acute cardiogenic shock, the slope (Ees) shifts with changes in contractility. (B) PV-loop in VA-ECMO supported cardiogenic shock. PV-loop becomes narrower and is associated with an increase in EDPVR. (C) PV-loop in a left ventricular microaxial flow pump supported configuration, resulting in loss of normal isovolumetric periods, reduced EDPVR and conversion of the typical PV-loop to a triangular shape. Ea: arterial elastance; EDPVR: end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship; EDPVR: end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship; EDV: end-diastolic volume; Ees: end-systolic elastance; ESPVR: end-systolic pressure-volume relationship; ESV: end-systolic volume