Tab. II.

Effects of physical activity on cardiovascular conditions.

Conditions	Subjects	Exercise/physical activity	Results	Reference
Cardiovascular (CV) diseases and Cancer	10,224 men 3,120 women	Variables acquired from maxETT	Higher fitness level and decreased CV and cancer mortality were related to higher fitness levels	[17]
Cardiovascular diseases	4,276 men	Variables acquired from maxETT	Men with lower fitness levels had a higher risk rate (2.7) of dying from CV	[18]
Cardiovascular and all-cause mortality	1,960 men	Workout using bycycle ergometer	High fitness is linked to lower all-cause mortality and CV mortality	[19]
Chronic heart disease	12,138 men (MRFIT trial)	Self-informed physical activity during leisure time	63% reduction in fatal CHD observed because of moderate physical activity during leisure time as compared to lower leisure time PA	[21]
Cardiovascular (CV) diseases	12,516 men	Calories burned (kJ/week)	Burning more calories/week resulted in reduced risk of CVD in men	[22]
Cardiovascular (CV) diseases	10,269 men	> 4.5 METs Regular exercise	23% reduction CV and all-cause mortality with moderately vigorous PA, as self-reported by Harvard alumni	[23]
Risk of coronary events	72,488 women Nurses’ Health Study	Total PA (walking, vigorous exercise)	Inverse relationship between total PA and coronary events: the higher the PA, the lower the risk of developing coronary events (even in women starting PA later in life)	[24]
Coronary heart disease	39,372 women	Total calories burnt by walking	Time spent on walking/week has an inverse effect on the risk rate of CHD	[25]
Coronary heart disease	9,758 men	Net energy expenditure during leisure-time	Lower risk of hard CHD events associated with high leisure time energy expenditure	[26]
Coronary heart disease	44,452 men	Various exercises such as walking, running, weight- training, rowing	Intense exercise, with a higher MET associated with reduced CHD risk	[27]
Cardiovascular (CV) diseases	6,213 men	Variables acquired from maxETT	In CVD patients, death risk in subjects having exercise capacity < 5 METs was approximately double than those who could exercise > 8 METs	[14]
Myocardial infarction	15,152 MI cases vs. 14,820 controls	Self-reported PA	Regular physical activity diminished the risk of myocardial infarction	[28]
All-cause premature death	9,777 men	Variables based on maxETT	Fit men had a lower risk rate of all cause and CVD death rate between follow up intervals than the unfit men	[29]
Diabetes mellitus and hypertension	2,478 men and women (18–30 yrs)	Walking duration on treadmill during ETT	Low fitness level associated with high risk of developing DM, HTN, and metabolic syndrome	[30]