Tab. I.

Some important phytochemicals and bioactive constituents of garlic.

Types	Percent (g/ 100 gW)	Bioactive Compounds	Bioactivities	Therapeutic effects	References
Sulphur-containing compounds	2.3%	Thiosulphinates like allicin, allylmethyl-, methylallyl- and trans-1-propenyl-thiosulfinate	Allicin inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Helicobacter pylori, and Streptococcus thermophilus	Antimicrobial, urease inhibition	[11, 12]
		OrganoSulphur volatiles, including Diallyl disulfides (DADS), Diallyl sulfides (DAS), Diallyly trisulfides (DATS), sulfur dioxide, E/Z-ajoene, S-allyl-cysteine (SAC), and S-allyl-cysteine sulfoxide (alliin), S-allyl mercapto cysteine (SAMC)	SAC AND SAMC have strong radical scavenging activities, DAS and DADS enhance the activity of glutathione reductase	Antioxidants, prevent damage caused by free radicals, anti-cancer	[13, 14]
		Vinyldithiins including 2-vinyl-4H-1,3 dithiin	Lowers platelet aggregation	Antioxidants, cardioprotective, prevent myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke, reduce the risk of gastric and colon cancer	[15,16]
Phenols	1.5%	β-resorcylic acid, pyrogallol, protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, rutin, and quercetin	Scavenge free radicals, relax coronary arteries, prevent myocardial	Antioxidants, cardioprotective effects	[17, 18]
Non-sulphur containing saponins		β-cholorogenin, diosgenin, desgalactotigonin-rhamnose, proto-desgalactotigonin-rhamnose, voghieroside D1, sativoside B1-rhamnose, and sativoside R1 gitogenin and proto-desgalactotigonin	Inhibit fungal pathogens, protect against reactive oxygen species, prevent DNA damage	Antifungal, antitumor, antithrombotic, and cholesterol-lowering effects	[14, 19]
Amino acids	1.2 %	Arginine, leucine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid	Arginine is a precursor of neurotransmitter nitric oxide, they smooth muscle relaxation and lower blood pressure	Neurotransmission, antihypertensive	[20]