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. 2021 Sep 16;1(1):vbab018. doi: 10.1093/bioadv/vbab018

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© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Fig. 2. — The graph of an SIM. The hub x₀ is an unobserved latent factor that relates to outcome Y while $x_{1}, x_{2}, \dots,$ are the observed variables within the functional module. The balance property is demonstrated by tracing paths between nodes