Table 3.

Total and subgroup meta-analysis of pooled prevalence ^d (%, 95%CI) of depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, and posttraumatic stress symptoms among children during the COVID-19 pandemic based on the included studies ^a

Type of analysis	Groups	N of studies	Prevalence (%, 95% CI)	P value	Heterogeneity
					I2 (%)	χ2	P	Tau-squared
Depression	Total	12	28.6 (17.2, 40.1)	<0.001	99.9	8025.91	<0.001	0.0405
Anxiety	Total	13	25.5 (16.0, 35.1)	<0.001	99.9	10690.46	<0.001	0.0307
Sleep disorders b	Total	2	44.2 (20.7, 67.7)	<0.001	94.8	19.22	<0.001	0.0273
Posttraumatic stress symptoms c	Total	2	48.0 (-25.4, 121.4)	0.200	100	3364.24	<0.001	0.2804
Depression	Children (≤12 years)	3	11.8 (1.3, 22.3)	0.028	98.9	183.35	<0.001	0.0085
	Adolescents (13-18 years)	8	34.4 (18.2, 50.7)	<0.001	99.9	7695.86	<0.001	0.0548
Anxiety	Children	6	15.7 (9.0, 22.3)	<0.001	98.7	389.71	<0.001	0.0066
	Adolescents	11	29.1 (17.1, 41.1)	<0.001	99.9	10269.07	<0.001	0.0407
Depression	Male	4	28.9 (14.1, 43.7)	<0.001	99.6	670.02	<0.001	0.0228
	Female	5	33.9 (24.6, 43.1)	<0.001	99.2	506.21	<0.001	0.0110
Anxiety	Male	7	22.3 (14.2, 30.4)	<0.001	99.1	650.31	<0.001	0.0118
	Female	7	27.4 (20.3, 34.6)	<0.001	98.6	431.08	<0.001	0.0091

^aAll the studies included in meta-analysis were from China and among general children and adolescents, so no subgroup meta-analysis was conducted based on country and pre-existing conditions of children and adolescents.

^bOnly two articles were found on sleep disorders, one was conducted among children and both boys and girls, the age and gender of participants in the other study were not reported, so no subgroup analysis was conducted based on age and gender.

^cOnly two articles were found on posttraumatic stress symptoms, both studies did not report the age of participants and the gender-stratified prevalence, so no subgroup meta-analysis was conducted based on age and gender.

^dPrevalence was calculated based on the random-effect models.