Table 1.
Demographic, biochemical, and cardiologic characteristics of pre- and postpandemic patients with acute Kawasaki disease (KD)
| Prepandemic KD (n = 32) | Postpandemic KD (n = 36) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age, y | 3.3 (1.2-11.5) | 3 (0.4-15.8) | > 0.99 |
| Sex, male/female | 20/12 | 21/15 | 0.73 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 15.5 ± 1.7 | 18.2 ± 6.6 | 0.03 |
| Body mass index z score | −0.6 ± 1.6 | −0.1 ± 1.6 | 0.19 |
| Clinical course | |||
| Days of fever | 7 (4-12) | 6 (3-18) | 0.44 |
| No. of KD clinical features | 5 (3-5) | 3 (1-5) | < 0.001 |
| Conjunctivitis | 31 (97) | 27 (75) | 0.01 |
| Cervical lymphadenopathy | 20 (63) | 11 (31) | 0.008 |
| Rash | 30 (94) | 22 (61) | 0.001 |
| Extremity changes | 30 (94) | 22 (61) | 0.001 |
| Oral mucosal changes | 30 (94) | 28 (78) | 0.06 |
| KD diagnosis | < 0.001 | ||
| Complete | 28 (88) | 11(31) | |
| Incomplete | 4 (12) | 25 (69) | |
| Shock | 1 (3) | 4 (11) | 0.2 |
| Intensive care requirements | |||
| Admission to ICU | 1 (3) | 3 (8) | 0.36 |
| Length of ICU stay, days | 0 (0-1) | 3 (2-5) | < 0.001 |
| Inotropic support | 0 | 0 | > 0.99 |
| Total hospital length of stay, days | 3 (2-7) | 4 (3-18) | 0.002 |
| Treatment | |||
| Days from admission to first immunomodulatory treatment | 0 (0-1) | 1 (1-5) | < 0.001 |
| IVIG | 32 (100%) | 31 (86%) | 0.03 |
| Corticosteroids, intravenous | 2 (6%) | 11 (31%) | 0.01 |
| Corticosteroids, oral | 3 (9%) | 20 (56%) | < 0.001 |
| Immunomodulating agents | 0 | 2 (6%) | 0.17 |
| IVIG resistance | 9 (28%) | 3 (8%) | 0.06 |
| Biochemistry | |||
| Days from admission to assessment | 0 (−1 to 0) | 1 (0-7) | < 0.001 |
| Troponin I, ng/L | – | 0 (0-88.5) | – |
| NT-proBNP, ng/L | 718 (35-8615) | 562 (41-14573) | 0.99 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 94.4 (3.7-288) | 93.7 (7.9-381.7) | 0.72 |
| Ferritin, μg/L | – | 182.1 (41.2-6936) | – |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, mm/h | 73 ± 28 | 59 ± 33 | 0.06 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 112 ± 12 | 108 ± 12 | 0.18 |
| Mean corpuscular volume, fL | 78.6 ± 5.9 | 79 ± 5 | 0.76 |
| White blood cells, ×10ˆ9/L | 14.9 ± 6 | 11.6 ± 5.5 | 0.02 |
| Platelets, ×109/L | 308 ± 96 | 311 ± 146 | 0.94 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 29 ± 8 | 33 ± 26 | 0.46 |
| Albumin, g/L | 37 ± 5 | 34 ± 8 | 0.17 |
| Alanine transaminase, U/L | 39 (10-281) | 26 (12-252) | 0.04 |
| International normalised ratio | – | 1.3 ± 0.2 | – |
| Partial thromboplastin time, s | – | 32 ± 5 | – |
| Echocardiography | |||
| Days from admission to echocardiography | 1 (0-4) | 2 (0-4) | 0.43 |
| Days from cardiac biomarker assessment to echocardiography | −1.5 (−4 to 0) | 1 (−4 to 8) | 0.006 |
| Coronary artery parameters | |||
| Left main coronary artery z score | 0.43 (−0.6 to +2.64) | 0.16 (−1.35 to +3.52) | 0.3 |
| Left anterior descending artery z score | 0.36 (−0.97 to +2.68) | 0.34 (−0.95 to +4.07) | 0.85 |
| Right coronary artery z score | 0.88 (−0.87 to +2.07) | 0.94 (−0.45 to +5.12) | 0.61 |
| Maximum coronary artery z score | 1.33 (−0.86 to +3.19) | 1.17 (−0.01 to +9.77) | 0.67 |
| Severity of coronary artery abnormality | 0.94 | ||
| Normal dimensions | 22 (68%) | 26 (74) | |
| Dilation only (z score 2 to < 2.5) | 5 (16%) | 4 (11) | |
| Small aneurysms (z score ≥ 2.5 to < 5) | 5 (16%) | 3 (9) | |
| Medium aneurysms (z score ≥ 5 to < 10 and < 8 mm) | 0 | 1 (3) | |
| Large/giant aneurysms (z score ≥ 10 or ≥ 8 mm) | 0 | 1 (3) | |
| Not well visualised | 0 | 1 (3) | |
| Ventricular parameters | |||
| LV end-diastolic dimension z score | 1 (−1.5-+2.6) | 0.8 (−2.6-+2.6) | 0.37 |
| Fractional shortening, % | 35 ± 4 | 36 ± 5 | 0.5 |
| LV ejection fraction, % | 66 ± 6 | 67 ± 8 | 0.67 |
| RV dysfunction | 0 | 1 (3) | 0.36 |
| LV dysfunction | 0 | 2 (6) | 0.19 |
| Electrocardiography | |||
| Nonsinus rhythm | 0 | 1 (3) | 0.35 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 131 ± 26 | 129 ± 33 | 0.72 |
| PR interval, ms | 121 ± 18 | 124 ± 21 | 0.71 |
| QRS duration, ms | 69 ± 9 | 71 ± 14 | 0.32 |
| QT interval, ms | 289 ± 39 | 292 ± 53 | 0.79 |
| Corrected QT interval, ms | 418 ± 23 | 418 ± 26 | 0.98 |
| Index of cardioelectrophysiologic balance (QT/QRS) | 4.2 ± 0.5 | 4.1 ± 0.6 | 0.5 |
| Corrected index of cardioelectrophysiologic balance (QTc/QRS) | 6.2 ± 0.8 | 6 ± 1.1 | 0.57 |
| T-wave abnormality | 16 (50) | 12 (33) | 0.16 |
Values are presented as median (interquartile range), mean ± SD, or n (%).
ICU, intensive care unit; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin; LV, left ventricle; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide; RV, right ventricle.