Table 2.
Demographic, biochemical, and cardiologic characteristics of patients with Kawasaki disease (KD) compared with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C).
| KD (n = 68) | MIS-C (n = 38) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age, y | 3.2 (0.4-15.2) | 9.1 (0.8-17) | < 0.001 |
| Sex, male/female | 41/27 | 24/14 | 0.77 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 16.9 ± 5.1 | 20.1 ± 5.2 | 0.002 |
| Body mass index z score | −0.3 ± 1.6 | 0.7 ± 1.1 | 0.001 |
| Clinical course | |||
| Days of fever | 7 (3-14) | 6 (3-14) | 0.11 |
| No. of KD clinical features | 4 (1-5) | 1.5 (0-4) | < 0.001 |
| Conjunctivitis | 58 (85) | 20 (53) | < 0.001 |
| Cervical lymphadenopathy | 31 (46) | 1 (3) | < 0.001 |
| Rash | 52 (76) | 18 (47) | 0.002 |
| Extremity changes | 52 (76) | 9 (24) | < 0.001 |
| Oral mucosal changes | 58 (85) | 10 (26) | < 0.001 |
| Kawasaki disease diagnosis | < 0.001 | ||
| Complete | 39 (57) | 3 (8) | |
| Incomplete | 29 (43) | 15 (40) | |
| Does not meet criteria | 0 | 20 (53) | |
| Shock | 5 (7) | 15 (40) | < 0.001 |
| Intensive care unit (ICU) | |||
| Admission to ICU | 4 (6) | 18 (47) | < 0.001 |
| Length of ICU stay, days | 0 (0-3) | 2 (1-9) | < 0.001 |
| Inotropic support | 0 | 13 (34) | < 0.001 |
| Total hospital length of stay, days | 4 (3-10) | 6 (3-13) | 0.003 |
| Treatment | |||
| Days from admission to first immunomodulatory treatment | 1 (0-1) | 1 (0-3) | 0.15 |
| IVIG | 63 (90) | 32 (80) | 0.18 |
| Corticosteroids, intravenous | 13 (19) | 26 (68) | < 0.001 |
| Corticosteroids, oral | 23 (34) | 33 (87) | < 0.001 |
| Immunomodulatory agents | 2 (3) | 2 (5) | 0.56 |
| IVIG resistance | 12 (18) | 8 (21) | 0.56 |
| Biochemistry | |||
| Days from admission to cardiac biomarker assessment | 0 (−1, 4) | 1 (0, 5) | < 0.001 |
| Troponin I, ng/L | < 10 (< 10 to 88.5) | 61 (< 10 to 11,052) | < 0.001 |
| NT-proBNP, ng/L | 634 (41-10,752) | 4948 (107-27,313) | < 0.001 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 94.4 (6.7-342.3) | 109.1 (15.9-517.6) | 0.12 |
| Ferritin, μg/L | 195.6 (41.7-3046.4) | 512.3 (113.3-3137.5) | < 0.001 |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, mm/h | 66 ± 31 | 59 ± 37 | 0.34 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 110 ± 12 | 103 ± 18 | 0.01 |
| Mean corpuscular volume, fL | 78.8 ± 5.4 | 79.4 ± 3.8 | 0.53 |
| White blood cells, ×109/L | 13.2 ± 5.9 | 13.1 ± 9.2 | 0.98 |
| Platelets, ×109/L | 310 ± 124 | 223 ± 113 | < 0.001 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 31 ± 20 | 50 ± 40 | 0.002 |
| Albumin, g/L | 35 ± 7 | 29 ± 6 | < 0.001 |
| Alanine transaminase, U/L | 30 (12-247) | 30 (13-134) | 0.13 |
| International normalised ratio | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 0.36 |
| Partial thromboplastin time, s | 32 ± 5 | 29 ± 5 | 0.07 |
| Echocardiography | |||
| Days from admission to echocardiography | 2 (0-4) | 1 (1-6) | 1 |
| Days from cardiac biomarkers assessment to echocardiography | −1 (−4 to 2) | 0 (−5 to 3) | < 0.001 |
| Coronary artery parameters | |||
| Left main coronary artery z score | 0.28 (−1.15 to +2.97) | 0.96 (−1.2 to +2.42) | 0.46 |
| Left anterior descending artery z score | 0.34 (−0.95 to +3.19) | 0.79 (−1.03 to +2.81) | 0.15 |
| Right coronary artery z score | 0.91 (−0,74 to +3.37) | 0.64 (−0.68 to +2.2) | 0.56 |
| Maximum coronary artery z score | 1.24 (−0.01 to +3.66) | 1.41 (0.05 to 2.81) | 0.85 |
| Severity of coronary artery abnormality | 0.13 | ||
| Normal dimensions | 48 (72) | 29 (76) | |
| Dilation only (z score 2- < 2.5) | 9 (13) | 6 (16) | |
| Small aneurysms (z score ≥ 2.5 to < 5) | 8 (12) | 3 (8) | |
| Medium aneurysms (z score ≥ 5 to < 10 and < 8 mm) | 1 (1.5) | 0 | |
| Large/giant aneurysms (z score ≥ 10 or ≥ 8 mm) | 1 (1.5) | 0 | |
| Not measured/visualised | 1 (1.5) | 0 | |
| Ventricular parameters | |||
| LV end-diastolic dimension z score | 0.9 (−1.7 to +2.5) | 0.5 (−2 to +1.9) | 0.18 |
| Fractional shortening, % | 36 ± 5 | 33 ± 7 | 0.04 |
| LV ejection fraction, % | 66 ± 7 | 61 ± 10 | 0.004 |
| RV dysfunction | 1 (2) | 5 (13) | < 0.001 |
| LV dysfunction | 2 (3) | 9 (24) | < 0.001 |
| Electrocardiography | |||
| Nonsinus rhythm | 1 (2) | 1 (3) | 0.68 |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 130 ± 30 | 124 ± 25 | 0.33 |
| PR interval, ms | 123 ± 20 | 143 ± 28 | < 0.001 |
| QRS duration, ms | 70 ± 12 | 78 ± 12 | 0.005 |
| QT interval, ms | 290 ± 47 | 304 ± 48 | 0.15 |
| Corrected QT interval, ms | 418 ± 24 | 429 ± 35 | 0.07 |
| Index of cardioelectrophysiologic balance | 4.2 ± 0.6 | 4 ± 0.4 | 0.04 |
| Corrected index of cardioelectrophysiologic balance | 6.1 ± 1 | 5.6 ± 0.7 | 0.01 |
| T-wave abnormality | 28 (41) | 22 (58) | 0.07 |
Values are presented as median (interquartile range), mean ± SD, or n (%).
IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin; LV, left ventricle; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide; RV, right ventricle.