. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Nov 30.

Published in final edited form as: Nat Med. 2022 Oct 3;28(10):2027–2037. doi: 10.1038/s41591-022-02028-2

Table 1 |.

Pooled effect sizes from meta-analyses comparing mental health symptoms before versus during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in the general population

	Pooled studies n (sample size)	Pooled effect size (95% CI)
Mental health problems (mixed outcomes)
Robinson et al.¹³	61 (55,015)	0.11 (0.04–0.17)
Mar–Apr 2020		0.10 (0.03–0.19)
May–Jul 2020		0.07 (−0.02–0.16)
Patel et al.¹⁵	11 (49,993)
Apr–Jun 2020		0.15 (0.06–0.23)
Jul–Oct 2020		0.18 (0.09–0.27)
Nov–Mar 2021		0.21 (0.10–0.32)
Prati et al.¹⁴	20 (72,004)	0.17 (0.07–0.26)
Depression symptoms
Robinson et al.¹³	58	0.22 (0.14–0.30)
Prati et al.¹⁴	9	0.15 (0.01–0.30)
Anxiety symptoms
Robinson et al.¹³	52	0.13 (0.02–0.23)
Prati et al.¹⁴	10	0.17 (0.07–0.27)
Psychotic symptoms
Robinson et al.¹³	5	−0.21 (−0.38 to −0.05)
Well-being
Robinson et al.¹³	7	0.07 (−0.12–0.26)
Prati et al.¹⁴	7	−0.12 (−0.33–0.09)
Loneliness
Ernst et al.¹⁶	24 (45,734)	0.27 (0.14–0.40)