Table 3.
Predictors of mortality within the first three of HAART initiation among PLHIV in Ethiopia (2007-2019).
| Characteristics | 2007-2010 (CHR) | 2007-2010 (aHR) | 2011-2013(CHR) | 2011-2013 (aHR) | 2014-2016(CHR) | 2014-2016 (aHR) | 2017-2019 (CHR) | 2017-2019 (aHR) pooled aHR | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CHR | (95.0% CI), sig. | aHR (95% CI),sig. | CHR | (95.0% CI), sig. | aHR (95.0% CI0, sig. | CHR | (95.0% CI), sig. | aHR (95% CI),sig. | CHR | (95.0% CI), sig. | aHR (95.0% CI) sig. aHR (95.0% CI) | |
| Region | ||||||||||||
| Tigray (ref.) | 1 | |||||||||||
| Afar | 0.9 | (0.64, 1.25) 0.52 | 0.81 | (0.56, 1.17) 0.26 | 0.9 | (0.45, 1.79) 0.75 | 1.28 | (0.75, 2.17) 0.36 | 1.69 (0.99, 2.89) 0.05 | |||
| Amhara | 1.21 | (0.64, 2.31) 0.56 | 0.81 | (0.48, 1.37) 0.44 | 1.13 | (0.51, 2.51) 0.76 | 0.82 | (0.40, 1.68) 0.58 | 0.99 (0.47, 2.09) 0.98 | |||
| Oromia | 1.24 | (0.90, 1.71) 0.19 | 0.83 | (0.58, 1.19) 0.30 | 1.43 | (0.77, 2.65) 0.26 | 0.73 | (0.41, 1.30) 0.29 | 0.94 (0.53, 1.68) 0.84 | |||
| Somalia | 1.14 | (0.79, 1.64) 0.48 | 0.74 | (0.51, 1.07) 0.11 | 0.92 | (0.48, 1.77) 0.80 | 0.96 | (0.57, 1.60) 0.86 | 1.3 (0.76, 2.23) 0.34 | |||
| Benishangul | 0.97 | (0.50, 1.87) 0.92 | 0.85 | (0.48, 1.52) 0.58 | 1.57 | (0.73, 3.36) 0.25 | 1.55 | (0.83, 2.90) 0.17 | 1.66 (0.89, 3.12) 0.11 | |||
| SNNP | 0.94 | (0.58, 1.51) 0.80 | 0.8 | (0.46, 1.38) 0.42 | 0.79 | (0.26, 2.36) 0.67 | 0.58 | (0.22, 1.51) 0.26 | 0.64 (0.24, 1.69) 0.37 | |||
| Gambella | 0.78 | (0.51, 1.20) 0.26 | 0.97 | (0.68, 1.38) 0.85 | 0.66 | (0.31, 1.40) 0.28 | 0.96 | (0.54, 1.69) 0.88 | 1.31 (0.72, 2.41) 0.38 | |||
| Harari | 1.28 | (0.78, 2.12) 0.33 | 0.58 | (0.32, 1.05) 0.07 | 0.84 | (0.34, 2.05) 0.70 | 0.57 | (0.28, 1.20) 0.14 | 0.86 (0.41, 1.8) 0.69 | |||
| Dire Dawa | 1.05 | (0.66, 1.66) 0.85 | 0.71 | (0.42, 1.20) 0.20 | 0.66 | (0.24, 1.80) 0.42 | 1.59 | (0.90, 2.81) 0.11 | 2.01 (1.1, 3.66) 0.02 | |||
| Addis Ababa | 1.1 | (0.55, 2.20) 0.78 | 0.96 | (0.59, 1.58) 0.88 | 0.59 | (0.20, 1.75) 0.34 | 1.65 | (0.84, 3.28) 0.15 | 1.94 (0.95, 3.96) 0.07 | |||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| No education | 1.15 | (0.81, 1.62) 0.44 | 0.86 | (0.59, 1.25) 0.43 | 0.91 (0.63, 1.32) 0.63 | 1.02 | (0.49, 2.16) 0.95 | 0.81 | (0.50 ,1.33) 0.41 | 0.83 (0.52, 1.35) 0.46 | ||
| Primary school | 1.16 | (0.78, 1.74) 0.46 | 0.79 | (0.53, 1.20) 0.27 | 0.82 (0.58, 1.18) 0.29 | 1.37 | (0.64, 2.92) 0.41 | 0.73 | (0.44, 1.24) 0.24 | 0.81 (0.52, 1.26) 0.35 | ||
| Secondary school | 1.08 | (0.77, 1.52) 0.66 | 1.08 | (0.76, 1.52) 0.68 | 1.07 (0.78, 1.47) 0.66 | 0.94 | (0.46, 1.91) 0.87 | 0.54 | (0.34, 0.87) 0.01 | 0.58 (0.38, 0.9) 0.01 | ||
| College (ref.) | 1 | |||||||||||
| Functional status | ||||||||||||
| Ambulatory (ref.) | 1 | |||||||||||
| Bedridden | 1.69 | (1.05 ,2.75) 0.03 | 1.92 (1.28, 2.89) 0.00 | 2.06 | (1.15, 3.68) 0.01 | 2.30(1.40, 3.78) 0.00 | 1.1 | (0.31, 2.61) 0.95 | 0.96 | (0.44, 2.13) 0.93 | ∞2.0 (1.35-2.69) | |
| Adherence | ||||||||||||
| Good (ref.) | 1 | |||||||||||
| Fair | 0.18 | (0.10, 0.35) 0.00 | 3.77 (1.95, 7.32) 0.00 | 0.07 | (0.03, 0.14) 0.00 | 3.10 (1.37, 7.05) 0.01 | 0.14 | (0.02, 1.05) 0.06 | 0.00 (0.00, 0.001) 0.95 | 0.14 | (0.06, 0.30) 0.00 | 0 (0, 0.001) 0.94 |
| Poor | 7.90 | (2.26, 12.37) 0.01 | 4.65 (2.90, 7.48) 0.00 | 12.25 | (10.07, 15.93) 0.04 | 12.29 (7.06, 21.40)0.00 | 6.46 | (2.00, 11.03) 0.02 | 8.54 (2.71, 26.94) 0.00 | 5.42 | (4.00, 9.01) 0.03 | 7.07 (3.74, 13.38) 0.01 ∞6.78 (3.4-10.3) |
| CD4 count (cells/mm 3) | ||||||||||||
| ≤200 | 2.67 | (1.83, 3.90) 0.00 | 2.71 (2.01, 3.66) 0.00 | 2.38 | (1.69, 3.36) 0.00 | 2.57 (1.93, 3.42) 0.00 | 2.68 | (1.57, 4.59) 0.00 | 2.46 (1.60, 3.77) 0.00 | 2.74 | (1.87, 4.00) 0.00 | 2.7 (2.0, 3.64) 0.01 ∞2.6 (2.2-3.0) |
| >201 (ref.) | 1 | |||||||||||
| HIVDR | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 10.2 | (4.31, 18.4) 0.03 | 9.42 (12.52, 6.64) 0.021 | 9.21 | (4.31, 14.62) 0.01 | 8.29 (5.81, 12.42) 0.002 | 9.67 | (5.44, 13.01) 0.00 | 11.01 (7.22, 15.81) 0.002 | 10.62 | (7.51, 13.74) 0.01 | 10.31 (7.41, 13.92) 0.001 ∞10.02 (6.91, 13.82) |
| No (ref.) | 1 | |||||||||||
| Viral suppression | ||||||||||||
| Suppressed (ref.) | 1 | |||||||||||
| Not suppressed | 4.21 | (2.37, 6.41) 0.00 | 3.92 (1.90, 5.63) 0.00 | 4.62 | (2.51, 6.32) 0.00 | 5.32 (2.61, 8.22) 0.01 | 3.22 | (1.37, 5.68) 0.00 | 5.26 (2.54, 7.62) 0.02 | 4.41 | (2.36, 6.72) | 3.81 (1.76, 5.51), 0.00 ∞4.66 (2.53,6.72) |
Key: variables with P value > 0.2 for CHR during either of the cohorts were excluded from the table. ∗Ref.: reference categories were selected as the least risk groups according to the different literatures [8, 9, 36, 49, 50, 53]. ∞Pooled estimate of aHR (i.e., for the cohorts initiating HAART by 2007 and 2010 for bedridden. We considered all cohorts for CD4 count ≤ 200 cells/mm3 and poor adherence.