Table 3:

Plant derived bioactive compounds regulating autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases.

Sl No.	Bioactive compounds	Regulation	Mechanism	Reference
1	Cannabidiol	Autophagy stimulation	It can upregulate SIRT1 expression and protect mitochondrial proteins hence limiting mitochondrial dysfunction	(Kang et al., 2021)
2	Trehalose		Accelerating the elimination of mutant huntingtin and α-syn is a unique mTOR-independent autophagy enhancer	(Sarkar et al., 2007)
3	Resveratrol		Through the Ca2+/AMPK-mTOR signaling cascade and autophagy, it may promote autophagocytic death and cause cell death.	(Tian et al., 2019)
4	EGCG	Induction of apoptosis	It enhances autophagy through Nrf2 nuclear translocation, increased mRNA expression of LC3 and Caspase 9. Activated autophagy might serve as a sensor for ROS that later triggers cell death.	(Ferrari et al., 2022)
5	Delphinidin	Promotes apoptosis and induces autophagy	It blocks mTOR signaling pathway and activates AMPK pathway which activates autophagy	(Chen et al., 2018)
6	Berberine	Induction of autophagy	By stimulating SIRT1 through the NAD+ production pathway, it activated peritoneal macrophages’ autophagy while also boosting TFEB nuclear translocation and deacetylation.	(Zheng et al., 2021)
7	Spermidine	Induction of autophagy, reduce inflammation and senescence	Spermidine and spermine modulate autophagy proteins through phosphorylation of AMPK, and activate AMPK, LC3, Beclin 1 and p62. Additionally, the control of MFN1, MFN2, DRP1, COX IV, and ATP, it sustain equilibrium in the mitochondria and provide energy for the neurons.	(Xu et al., 2020)
8	Curcumin	Induction of autophagy and alleviating oxidative stress	It raised the levels of LC3, Bcl-2, beclin1, and Nrf2 while downregulating the expression of p62, PI3K/p-AKT/p-mTOR Bax and Caspase-3 proteins.	(Di Tu et al., 2020)
9	Genistein	Activating autophagy	It elevates PPAR-γ and LC3-II levels and reduces the expression of p62	(Liu et al., 2019)
10	Piperine	Activating Autophagy	It stimulates protein phosphotase 2A (PP2A), which in turn inhibited the mTORC1 and also it increases LC3II protein level that enhances autophagy	(Liu et al., 2016)