Table 2.
Demographic characteristics and clinical data of patients with isolated shock (SBP < 90 mmHg)
| No pre-hospital ETI | Pre-hospital ETI | |
|---|---|---|
| Patients with isolated shock, n (%) | 468 (80.4) | 114 (19.6) |
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 51.5 ± 21.4 | 45.9 ± 20.5 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 329 (70.3) | 81 (71.1) |
| Blunt trauma, n (%) | 384 (86.1) | 94 (91.3) |
| Accident in traffic, n (%) | 215 (46.0) | 84 (74.3) |
| ISS, points; mean ± SD | 20.8 ± 10.8 | 26.9 ± 12.6 |
| AIS head ≥ 3 points, n (%) | 86 (18.4) | 23 (20.2) |
| AIS thorax ≥ 3 points, n (%) | 206 (44.0) | 66 (57.9) |
| AIS abdomen ≥ 3 points, n (%) | 118 (25.2) | 41 (36.0) |
| AIS extremities/pelvic ≥ 3 points, n (%) | 193 (41.2) | 69 (60.5) |
| AIS spine ≥ 3 points, n (%) | 195 (41.7) | 55 (48.2) |
| SBP on scene, mmHg; mean ± SD | 76.6 ± 8.7 | 76.1 ± 8.8 |
| SBP on admission, mmHg; mean ± SD | 111.0 ± 27.4 | 98.5 ± 23.5 |
| Heart rate on scene, /min; mean ± SD | 90.1 ± 24.2 | 104.3 ± 24.4 |
| Heart rate on admission, /min; mean ± SD | 88.8 ± 22.5 | 99.2 ± 24.7 |
| Use of catecholamines, n (%) | 39 (8.3) | 47 (41.2) |
| Substitution of intravenous fluid, ml; mean ± SD | 1476 ± 1775 | 2314 ± 2065 |
| Time on scene, min; mean ± SD | 25.3 ± 12.7 | 41.6 ± 18 |
| Rescue time, min; mean ± SD | 63 ± 31 | 84 ± 35 |
| Hb on admission, g/dl; mean ± SD | 12 ± 2.3 | 10.7 ± 2.5 |
| BE on admission, mmol/l; mean ± SD | -2.7 ± 5.1 | -4.1 ± 4.7 |
| Coagulopathy on admission, n (%) | 77 (17.2) | 34 (31.8) |
| Transfer with HEMS, n (%) | 86 (18.9) | 55 (50.5) |
| Admission to Level 1 TC, n (%) | 353 (75.4) | 103 (90.4) |
| Admission to Level 2 TC, n (%) | 96 (20.5) | 10 (8.8) |
| Admission to Level 3 TC, n (%) | 19 (4.1) | 1 (0.9) |
| Stay at ICU, d; mean ± SD | 7.2 ± 10.3 | 16.5 ± 22 |
| Stay in hospital, d; mean ± SD | 19.9 ± 19.7 | 36.7 ± 31.6 |
| RISC II, points; mean ± SD | 7 ± 13.8 | 8.5 ± 15.3 |
| Died in hospital, n (%) | 38 (8.1) | 13 (11.4) |
SD standard deviation, ISS injury severity score, ICU intensive care unit, SBP systolic blood pressure, AIS abbreviated injury scale, TC trauma center, RISC revised injury severity classification, HEMS helicopter emergency medical service, Hb hemoglobin, BE base excess, Coagulopathy defined as PTT ≥ 40 s or INR ≥ 1.4, Rescue time defined as time from accident to admission to hospital