Figure 1.

Schematic illustration of the two-step 3D volumetric ND-mediated histotripsy method. NDs are injected into the sample, followed by their vaporization into MBs. In the standard linear activation, an US beam is swept at a specific focal depth, creating a linear shape of activated NDs. When the US probe is rotated, the resulting activation shape is the superposition of the multiple rotating activation lines that creates a circular shape. This imaging transducer is situated within a therapeutic transducer that is used to detonate the vaporized NDs and create mechanical lesions in the sample.