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. 2022 Nov 30;13:7371. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-35241-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — a Oxygen concentration in anterior chamber (AC) was recorded in real time by inserting a micro-oxygen sensor. b AC oxygen level decreased by 60% immediately after alkali burn. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined using unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test. n = 14 eyes in each group. c Pimonidazole hydrochloride (PIMO) staining, a chemical hypoxia marker, showed limbal staining at 4 h post burn and diffuse staining in the entire cornea by 24 h (inserts showed higher magnification of selected areas in white boxes, scale bar 10 μm). Data are representative of three independent experiments. d In untreated and vehicle-treated eyes, AC oxygen concentration decreased rapidly after burn and gradually increased within one hour. SSOE raised AC oxygen concentration to supra-physiologic level after burn and maintained high levels for more than 60 min. Dashed line represents baseline AC oxygen concentration. e Whole mouse globe was cryo-sectioned and TUNEL (red) staining highlighted dead cells in the eye at 1 h after alkali burn in untreated and vehicle groups. SSOE treatment reduces the extent of cell death. Lower panels show higher magnification of the central cornea and anterior lens capsule at 1- and 4 h post burn (scale bar 0.3 mm). The percentage of TUNEL-positive cells in the cornea (f) and lens epithelium (g) was lower in SSOE group. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. 1 h timepoint: n = 3, 3, 5 eyes in untreated, vehicle and SSOE-treated groups, respectively; 4 h: n = 4, 4, 6 eyes in untreated, vehicle and SSOE-treated groups, respectively. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (two-sided). h The percentage of live cells in the cornea 1 h post burn was determined by flow cytometry. i There were significantly more live cells in the cornea and iris of SSOE-treated eyes compared to untreated eyes. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined using unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test. n = 3 eyes in each group. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.