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. 2022 Nov 30;13:7371. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-35241-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — a Alkali burn led to massive infiltration of CD45⁺cells in limbal area at 24 h post burn and SSOE reduced the number of infiltrating cells (scale bar 50 μm). b SSOE treatment led to a decrease in CD45⁺ cells in the conjunctiva, assessed with flow cytometry. c Quantification of CD45⁺ percentage. n = 8, 9, 9, 11 eyes in naive, untreated, vehicle and SSOE groups. IL-1β (d), IL-6 (e), Mmp9 (f), and Cxcl1 (g) mRNA levels in the cornea were increased 24 h post burn and SSOE treatment decreased their levels. While the levels of these cytokines were also increased in the iris/ciliary body after the burn, only MMP9 levels were significantly decreased by SSOE treatment. IL-1β: n = 4, 8, 8, 7 corneas/3, 7, 7, 6 iris and ciliary bodies in naive, untreated, vehicle and SSOE; IL-6: n = 4, 4, 3, 7 corneas/2, 4, 3, 3 iris and ciliary bodies; Mmp9: n = 4, 8, 6, 7 corneas/4, 7, 6, 6 iris and ciliary bodies; Cxcl1: n = 4, 4, 4, 4 corneas/2, 4, 4, 3 iris and ciliary bodies. h Hif-1α level in the cornea at 1 day post burn increased significantly. i SSOE treatment reduced the percentage (%) and mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) of Hif-1α in the cornea at 1 day (1D), but not 7 days (7D) post burn. n = 5, 4, 4, 3, 3 eyes in naive, untreated 1D, SSOE 1D, untreated 7D and SSOE 7D groups, respectively. j SSOE treatment reduced % and MFI of Hif-1α in the conjunctiva at 1D but not 7D post burn. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. n = 4, 4, 5, 3, 3 eyes in naive, untreated 1D, SSOE 1D, untreated 7D and SSOE 7D groups, respectively. k Schematic showing SSOE mitigating ocular alkali burn by reducing tissue hypoxia, cell death, and inflammation. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined using unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t test. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.