Table 2.

Summary of characteristics of music interventions that reduced anxiety in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization.

Study	Specific components					Non-specific components			Dose			Delivery mode
	Genre	Style	Volume	Rhythm, timbre, harmony	Music selection	Light	Noise	Access to the patient	Sessions	Duration	Purity	Place	Perioperative moment	Method	Format
1 [25]	NS	∗∗	PP	NM	P	NM	NM	NM	1	30 min	Patients were instructed to close their eyes and follow the flow of the music	ICU	After	Earphone	MP3 player
2 [26]	Clas.	Inst.	Pred.	NM	I	NM	NM	NM	1	Duration of the procedure	Music therapist offered relaxing information and was available during the procedure to assure the patient’s peace of mind	CL	During	Earphone	NM
3 [27]	Var	Inst.	NM	NM	P	NM	NM	NM	1	15 min	NM	WR	Before	LS	CD player
4 [28]	Sufi∗	Inst.	NM	60-80 rhythm/minute	I	NM	NM	NM	1	15–20 min	NM	CL	During	Earphone	Mp3
5 [29]	Var	NM	PP	60-80 beats/minute, slow speed, soft melody	P	NM	Relatively quiet environment	Controlled	1	30 min	Patients were instructed not to consume stimulant drinks or cigarettes 30 min before the procedure and to keep mobile phones turned off. A blanket was positioned over the abdomen and legs of the patients.	CL	Before	Earphone	Smartphone
7 [31]	Clas	Inst	NM	NM	I	NM	NM	NM	1	20–40 min	NM	CL	During	Earphone	MP3 player
8 [32]	Var	Inst	Pred	60-80 beats/minute, low dynamic contrast variation	P & I	NM	Minimized	NM	1	Duration of the procedure	Patients were oriented to steps of the catheterization, were comforted by the nurse, and the noise from the procedure room was reduced as much as possible	CL	During	LS	CD player
9 [33]	Trance–Zendance	Inst	PP	NM	I	NM	NM	NM	1	20 min	Patients were instructed to be comfortable and to use the restroom before the procedure if necessary	Telemetry Unit	Before	Earphone	CD player
10 [34]	Var	NM	NM	60-80 bpm	I	NM	NM	NM	2	20 min each	Patients were instructed to sit comfortably and avoid distractions	NM	Before and after	Earphone	CD player and cassette
12 [36]	NS	∗∗	Pred [[25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39], [40], [41], [42], [43], [44], [45], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50]]	NM	I	NM	Minimized	NM	1	20 min	Patients were instructed to sit comfortably and avoid distractions	Private room	Before	Earphone	CD player
18 [42]	NM	NM	NM	NM	I	NM	NM	NM	1	20 min	Patients were instructed to be comfortable, keep their eyes closed, relax their muscles, and maintain controlled breathing	NM	Before	Earphone	Audio file

∗Sufi music has both vocal and instrumental components and was performed using a Turkish classical instrument called “Ney” (a reed flute); ∗∗ Not applicable; NS: Nature sounds; PP: patient preference; NM: not mentioned; P: patient; I: interventional; ICU: intensive care unit; Pred: predefined; CL: Catheterization laboratory; Var: varied; Inst: Instrumental; WR: waiting room; LS: Loudspeaker; Clas: classical.