Table 2.
Likelihood of preterm birth, unplanned C-section, episiotomy or spontaneous vaginal birth by income level of COB and household income, adjusted odds ratios (SEs).
| Preterm birth | Unplanned C-section | Episiotomy | Spontaneous vaginal birth | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| COUNTRY OF BIRTH’S INCOME LEVEL | ||||
| Finland (i.e. non-migrant) (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Low-income | 1.14 (0.08) | 3.22 (0.17)*** | 2.12 (0.07)*** | 0.33 (0.02)*** |
| Lower-middle-income | 1.39 (0.08)*** | 2.51 (0.12)*** | 1.16 (0.03)*** | 0.40 (0.02)*** |
| Upper-middle-income | 1.00 (0.04) | 1.14 (0.03)*** | 1.07 (0.02)*** | 0.83 (0.02)*** |
| High-income | 0.95 (0.04) | 0.95 (0.03) | 0.99 (0.02) | 1.05 (0.03) |
| HOUSEHOLD INCOME QUINTILES | ||||
| Poorest (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Poor | 0.98 (0.02) | 1.00 (0.02) | 1.01 (0.01) | 0.96 (0.01)** |
| Middle | 0.91 (0.02)*** | 0.99 (0.02) | 1.06 (0.01)*** | 0.94 (0.01)*** |
| Richer | 0.91 (0.02)*** | 1.00 (0.02) | 1.11 (0.01)*** | 0.91 (0.01)*** |
|
Richest |
0.92 (0.02)** |
0.95 (0.02)* |
1.12 (0.01)*** |
0.91 (0.02)*** |
| Standard deviation of random intercept a0i | 1.72 | 1.85 | 0.52 | 2.50 |
| ICC | 0.47 | 0.51 | 0.08 | 0.66 |
Notes: Controlling for mother's age at birth, parity, child's sex, mother's BMI and smoking during pregnancy, previous abortions and miscarriages, partner born abroad, relationship status at birth, hospital district and year of child's birth (full results in Appendix Table 3). *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.