Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of 175,383 T2DM patients at index date (first NIAD prescription).
| Overall (N = 175,383) | Male (N = 97,148) | Female (N = 78,235) | SMD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Index age (mean (SD)) | 60.6 (14.1) | 60.7 (12.8) | 60.4 (15.6) | 0.03 |
| Smoking (%) | 0.33 | |||
| Current | 60,206 (34.5) | 39,227 (40.6) | 20,979 (26.9) | |
| Never | 83,719 (48.0) | 39,715 (41.1) | 44,004 (56.5) | |
| Previous | 30,641 (17.6) | 17,729 (18.3) | 12,912 (16.6) | |
| Unknown | < 6 | < 6 | < 6 | |
| Alcohol consumption (%) | 0.40 | |||
| Current | 7368 (4.5) | 4342 (4.8) | 3026 (4.2) | |
| Never | 38,687 (23.7) | 14,679 (16.2) | 24,008 (33.2) | |
| Previous | 116,823 (71.7) | 71,470 (79.0) | 45,353 (62.6) | |
| Unknown | 29 (0.0) | 16 (0.0) | 13 (0.0) | |
| BMI (mean (SD)) | 32.54 (7.0) | 31.84 (6.2) | 33.39 (7.7) | 0.22 |
| Follow-up time in years (mean (SD)) | 7.4 (3.9) | 7.4 (3.9) | 7.3 (3.9) | 0.03 |
| Comorbidities ever-before (%) | ||||
| Cancer | 44,670 (25.5) | 21,275 (21.9) | 23,395 (29.9) | 0.18 |
| Hypothyroidism | 13,940 (7.9) | 3234 (3.3) | 10,706 (13.7) | 0.38 |
| Pure hypercholesterolaemia | 28,287 (16.1) | 16,118 (16.6) | 12,169 (15.6) | 0.03 |
| Obesity | 20,051 (11.4) | 8760 (9.0) | 11,291 (14.4) | 0.17 |
| Anxiety & other | 30,167 (17.2) | 12,273 (12.6) | 17,894 (22.9) | 0.27 |
| Neuropathy | 1278 (0.7) | 769 (0.8) | 509 (0.7) | 0.02 |
| Primary open-angle glaucoma | 6072 (3.5) | 3252 (3.3) | 2820 (3.6) | 0.01 |
| Senile cataract | 8208 (4.7) | 3775 (3.9) | 4433 (5.7) | 0.08 |
| Deafness | 14,323 (8.2) | 8487 (8.7) | 5836 (7.5) | 0.05 |
| High blood pressure | 66,828 (38.1) | 36,341 (37.4) | 30,487 (39.0) | 0.03 |
| Angina pectoris | 11,512 (6.6) | 7400 (7.6) | 4112 (5.3) | 0.10 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 12,342 (7.0) | 7161 (7.4) | 5181 (6.6) | 0.03 |
| Congestive heart failure | 5016 (2.9) | 3135 (3.2) | 1881 (2.4) | 0.05 |
| Intermittent claudication | 5486 (3.1) | 3415 (3.5) | 2071 (2.6) | 0.05 |
| Chronic bronchitis | 2848 (1.6) | 1446 (1.5) | 1402 (1.8) | 0.02 |
| Irritable bowel syndrome | 17,194 (9.8) | 6496 (6.7) | 10,698 (13.7) | 0.23 |
| Chronic liver disease | 4345 (2.5) | 2407 (2.5) | 1938 (2.5) | 0.00 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1070 (0.6) | 608 (0.6) | 462 (0.6) | 0.00 |
| Psoriasis or eczema | 10,297 (5.9) | 5594 (5.8) | 4703 (6.0) | 0.01 |
| Osteoarthritis | 34,683 (19.8) | 15,915 (16.4) | 18,768 (24.0) | 0.19 |
| Arthropathy | 9991 (5.7) | 4298 (4.4) | 5693 (7.3) | 0.12 |
| Cervical spondylosis | 13,025 (7.4) | 6392 (6.6) | 6633 (8.5) | 0.07 |
| Osteoporosis | 7171 (4.1) | 2058 (2.1) | 5113 (6.5) | 0.22 |
SMD, Standardized mean difference.
All identified comorbidities were identified via read codes, as recorded anytime on or before the index date, defined as the first prescribed non-insulin antidiabetic drug (NIAD).