Table 2.

Description of the three most prevalent conditions for the first 20 clusters.

Cluster	Latent features	Recorded comorbidities	Count	N cluster	Count prop (%)	Total disease	Total dis. prop (%)	O/E ratio
1	LF1	High blood pressure	8396	147,816	5.7	10,660	6.1	0.9
1	LF1	Pure hypercholesterolaemia	4570	147,816	3.1	5938	3.4	0.9
1	LF1	Chronic liver disease	3437	147,816	2.3	4505	2.6	0.9
2	LF1 LF2	Congestive heart failure	2711	2766	98.0	3962	2.3	43.4
2	LF1 LF2	Atrial fibrillation	776	2766	28.1	7000	4.0	7.0
2	LF1 LF2	Senile cataract	281	2766	10.2	7709	4.4	2.3
3	LF1 LF3	Hypothyroidism	2535	2572	98.6	3260	1.9	53.0
3	LF1 LF3	Irritable bowel syndrome	118	2572	4.6	5019	2.9	1.6
3	LF1 LF3	Anxiety and other	92	2572	3.6	4115	2.3	1.5
4	LF1 LF4	Osteoporosis	2323	2350	98.9	3233	1.8	53.6
4	LF1 LF4	Senile cataract	269	2350	11.4	7709	4.4	2.6
4	LF1 LF4	Irritable bowel syndrome	148	2350	6.3	5019	2.9	2.2
5	LF1 LF5	Obesity	2235	2252	99.2	2879	1.6	60.5
5	LF1 LF5	Pure hypercholesterolaemia	185	2252	8.2	5938	3.4	2.4
5	LF1 LF5	Chronic liver disease	121	2252	5.4	4505	2.6	2.1
6	LF1 LF6	Intermittent claudication	1855	1871	99.1	2653	1.5	65.5
6	LF1 LF6	Atrial fibrillation	153	1871	8.2	7000	4.0	2.1
6	LF1 LF6	Senile cataract	153	1871	8.2	7709	4.4	1.9
7	LF1 LF7	Primary open-angle glaucoma	1789	1795	99.7	2330	1.3	75.0
7	LF1 LF7	Senile cataract	289	1795	16.1	7709	4.4	3.7
7	LF1 LF7	Osteoarthritis	143	1795	8.0	8954	5.1	1.6
8	LF1 LF9	Arthropathy	1531	1532	99.9	2168	1.2	80.8
8	LF1 LF9	Osteoarthritis	290	1532	18.9	8954	5.1	3.7
8	LF1 LF9	Anxiety and other	70	1532	4.6	4115	2.3	2.0
9	LF1 LF8	Chronic bronchitis	1494	1496	99.9	2260	1.3	77.5
9	LF1 LF8	Deafness	95	1496	6.4	5261	3.0	2.1
9	LF1 LF8	Senile cataract	134	1496	9.0	7709	4.4	2.0
10	LF1 LF10	Psoriasis or eczema	1477	1481	99.7	1975	1.1	88.6
10	LF1 LF10	Osteoarthritis	144	1481	9.7	8954	5.1	1.9
10	LF1 LF10	Chronic liver disease	71	1481	4.8	4505	2.6	1.9
11	LF1 LF12	Cervical spondylosis	1369	1371	99.9	1937	1.1	90.4
11	LF1 LF12	Osteoarthritis	204	1371	14.9	8954	5.1	2.9
11	LF1 LF12	Irritable bowel syndrome	97	1371	7.1	5019	2.9	2.5
12	LF1 LF11	Neuropathy	1350	1350	100.0	1964	1.1	89.3
12	LF1 LF11	Chronic liver disease	65	1350	4.8	4505	2.6	1.9
12	LF1 LF11	Irritable bowel syndrome	70	1350	5.2	5019	2.9	1.8
13	LF1 LF14	Angina pectoris	1253	1255	99.8	1773	1.0	98.8
13	LF1 LF14	Deafness	80	1255	6.4	5261	3.0	2.1
13	LF1 LF14	Atrial fibrillation	105	1255	8.4	7000	4.0	2.1
14	LF1 LF13	Chronic kidney disease	1227	1228	99.9	1869	1.1	93.8
14	LF1 LF13	Atrial fibrillation	109	1228	8.9	7000	4.0	2.2
14	LF1 LF13	Deafness	81	1228	6.6	5261	3.0	2.2
15	LF1 LF13 LF2	Chronic kidney disease	135	135	100.0	1869	1.1	93.8
15	LF1 LF13 LF2	Congestive heart failure	135	135	100.0	3962	2.3	44.3
15	LF1 LF13 LF2	Atrial fibrillation	45	135	33.3	7000	4.0	8.4
16	LF1 LF8 LF2	Chronic bronchitis	126	126	100.0	2260	1.3	77.6
16	LF1 LF8 LF2	Congestive heart failure	125	126	99.2	3962	2.3	43.9
16	LF1 LF8 LF2	Atrial fibrillation	49	126	38.9	7000	4.0	9.7
17	LF1 LF4 LF2	Osteoporosis	117	117	100.0	3233	1.8	54.3
17	LF1 LF4 LF2	Congestive heart failure	117	117	100.0	3962	2.3	44.3
17	LF1 LF4 LF2	Atrial fibrillation	29	117	24.8	7000	4.0	6.2
18	LF1 LF3 LF2	Hypothyroidism	103	103	100.0	3260	1.9	53.8
18	LF1 LF3 LF2	Congestive heart failure	103	103	100.0	3962	2.3	44.3
18	LF1 LF3 LF2	Atrial fibrillation	35	103	34.0	7000	4.0	8.5
19	LF1 LF6 LF2	Intermittent claudication	101	101	100.0	2653	1.5	66.1
19	LF1 LF6 LF2	Congestive heart failure	101	101	100.0	3962	2.3	44.3
19	LF1 LF6 LF2	Atrial fibrillation	32	101	31.7	7000	4.0	7.9
20	LF1 LF14 LF2	Angina pectoris	96	96	100.0	1773	1.0	98.9
20	LF1 LF14 LF2	Congestive heart failure	96	96	100.0	3962	2.3	44.3
20	LF1 LF14 LF2	Atrial fibrillation	25	96	26.0	7000	4.0	6.5

Count, numbers of patients with that disease in that cluster; N cluster, total number of individuals within that cluster; Count prop, proportion of patients who have that disease within a cluster; Total disease, overall number of patients with that disease; Total dis. Prop, overall proportion with that disease; O/E ratio, observed to expected ratio.

All identified comorbidities were identified via read codes, as recorded anytime on or before the index date, defined as the first prescribed non-insulin antidiabetic drug (NIAD).