. 2022 Nov 17;10:1044729. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1044729

TABLE 2.

Summary of effect of mechanical stimuli on the polarization of macrophages.

Macrophage type	Substrate stiffness/Material or mechanical stimuli	Culture duration	Activation stimulus	Treatment duration	Impact of high stiffness	References
Murine BMMs	8 kPa or 32 kPa poly-dimethyl-siloxane hydrogels, or tissue culture plastic coated with decellularized cardiac ECM	7 days	IFN-γ (20 ng/ml)	24 h	• ↑ iNOS expression nitrite concentration	Haschak et al. (2021)
Murine BMMs		7 days	LPS (100 ng/ml)	24 h	• ↓ Arginase-1 activity levels	Haschak et al. (2021)
Murine thioglycolate-induced peritoneal macrophages	1 kPa or 50 kPa collagen-coated polyacrylamide hydrogels	96 h after i.p. injection of thioglycolate	IFN-γ (10 ng/ml)	24 h	• ↑ Il1β, Mcp1, iNOS, Il6, and Tnfα mRNA expression	Dutta et al. (2020)
Murine thioglycolate-induced peritoneal macrophages	1 kPa or 50 kPa collagen-coated polyacrylamide hydrogels	96 h after i.p. injection of thioglycolate	LPS (100 ng/ml)	24 h	• ↑ Il1β, Mcp1, iNOS, Il6, and Tnfα mRNA expression	Dutta et al. (2020)
Murine BMMs	0.3 kPa, 1 kPa, 6 kPa, 27 kPa, 47 kPa, 120 kPa, or 230 kPa poly-d-lysine-coated polyacrylamide hydrogels	7 days	Unstimulated	N/A	• ↑ TNF-α, IL-1β, NO in supernatants	Previtera and Sengupta, (2015)
Human Pro-monocyticTHP-1 cells	11 kPa, 88 kPa, or 323 kPa collagen-coated polyacrylamide hydrogels	26 h	Unstimulated	N/A	• ↑ IL-6 secretion CXCL11, CCL20 expression	Sridharan et al. (2019)
Human Pro-monocyticTHP-1 cells	11 kPa, 88 kPa, or 323 kPa collagen-coated polyacrylamide hydrogels	26 h	IL-4 (20 ng/ml) and IL-13 (20 ng/ml)	72 h	• ↓ IL-10 production	Sridharan et al. (2019)
Murine BMMs	1 kPa, 20 kPa, 40 kPa, or 280 kPa fibronectin-conjugated polyacrylamide hydrogels	7 days	IFN-γ (0.3 ng/ml) and LPS (0.3 ng/ml)	1–18 h	• ↑ iNOS expression	Atcha et al. (2021a)
Murine BMMs	130 kPa, 240 kPa, or 840 kPa poly (ethylene glycol) hydrogels modified with RGD	11 days	Unstimulated	N/A	• ↑ TNF-α and IL-6 secretion, ↑ CCL20	Blakney et al. (2012)
Murine BMMs	2.55, 34.88, or 63.53 kPa polyacrylamide hydrogels	3–5 days	Unstimulated	N/A	• ↓ CD86 expression, production of ROS, IL-1β, TNF-α	Chen et al. (2020)
Murine BMMs	2.55, 34.88, or 63.53 kPa polyacrylamide hydrogels	3–5 days	Unstimulated	N/A	• ↓ CD206 expression, ROS, ↑ IL-4 and TGF-β	Chen et al. (2020)
In vivo 6 week old C57BL/6 mice	Subcutaneous implantation of 2.55 kPa, 34.88 kPa, or 63.53 kPa polyacrylamide hydrogels	14 days	N/A	N/A	• ↑ CD68⁺ CD206⁺ macrophages	Chen et al. (2020)
Murine BMMs	0.2 kPa, 14.3 kPa, or 33.1 kPa polyacrylamide hydrogels	6 days	LPS (100 ng/ml)	6 h	• ↓ Tnf-a, Il6, Ilb expression	Escolano et al. (2021)
Murine BMMs	0.2 kPa, 14.3 kPa, or 33.1 kPa polyacrylamide hydrogels	6 days	LPS (100 ng/ml)	6 h	• ↓ IL-6 in culture supernatants	Escolano et al. (2021)
Human Pro-monocytic THP-1 cells	1.4 kPa, 6 kPa, 9.9 kPa, or 348 kPa interpenetrating polymer network (quartz disks with polyacrylamide gels) modified with RGD	3 days	no stimulation	N/A	• ↓TNF-α in culture supernatants	Irwin et al. (2008)