Figure 1.

Interaction networks between B cells and other cells in tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) and tumor microenvironment (TME). B cells cooperate with other cells to perform an immunomodulatory role on tumorigenesis and progression. B cells could be attracted to TLS by CXCL13, where they mature and interact with different types of T cells through specific co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory signal pairs such as CD40-CD40L, CD80-CD28. The class switch recombination and differentiation of B cells are promoted by cytokines including IL-4 and IL-10, and B cells receive IL-21 to develop into plasma cells and memory B cells, migrating to tumor bed. They cooperate with NK cells and macrophages to implement ADCC and ADCP process through antibodies including IgG1 in TME. Some inhibit regulatory effects of MDSCs and Tregs on B cells in TME could promote tumor progression. NK, natural killer; MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell; NO, nitric oxide; ROS, reactive oxygen species; PGE2, prostaglandin E2.