Table 2.
Differences between health-exam BPs and research-quality BPs of subgroups
| Characteristics | Mean SBP, mm Hg | Mean difference (95% CI) | p for interaction | Mean DBP, mm Hg | Mean difference (95% CI) | p for interaction | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Health-exam | Research-quality | Health-exam | Research-quality | |||||
| Overall | 139.9 | 135.7 | 4.2 (3.9, 4.5) | 90.0 | 86.8 | 3.3 (3.1, 3.5) | ||
| Age, years | < 0.001 | 0.64 | ||||||
| 18–39 | 136.9 | 134.9 | 2.0 (0.9, 3.2) | 89.8 | 86.4 | 3.5 (2.7, 4.2) | ||
| 40–49 | 139.2 | 135.2 | 4.0 (3.5, 4.5) | 90.4 | 87.0 | 3.4 (3.0, 3.7) | ||
| 50–60 | 140.9 | 136.2 | 4.8 (4.3, 5.2) | 89.8 | 86.6 | 3.2 (2.8, 3.5) | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.03 | 0.001 | ||||||
| 18.5–23.9 | 138.9 | 134.1 | 4.8 (4.2, 5.5) | 88.9 | 86.1 | 2.8 (2.4, 3.2) | ||
| 24–27.9 | 139.9 | 135.6 | 4.3 (3.8, 4.8) | 90.0 | 86.8 | 3.2 (2.9, 3.5) | ||
| ≥ 28 | 140.8 | 137.3 | 3.5 (2.9, 4.2) | 91.4 | 87.5 | 3.9 (3.5, 4.4) | ||
| Educational level | 0.16 | 0.10 | ||||||
| ≤ Middle school | 139.8 | 135.6 | 4.3 (4.0, 4.7) | 89.9 | 86.7 | 3.2 (3.0, 3.4) | ||
| > Middle school | 140.1 | 136.5 | 3.7 (2.9, 4.5) | 90.9 | 87.2 | 3.7 (3.2, 4.2) | ||
| Physically activea | 0.005 | 0.002 | ||||||
| Yes | 140.1 | 137.0 | 3.1 (2.3, 4.0) | 90.1 | 87.8 | 2.3 (1.7, 2.9) | ||
| No | 139.6 | 135.1 | 4.5 (4.1, 4.9) | 90.0 | 86.6 | 3.3 (3.1, 3.6) | ||
| Current smoker | 0.96 | 0.06 | ||||||
| Yes | 140.4 | 136.3 | 4.2 (3.7, 4.7) | 90.2 | 87.3 | 3.0 (2.7, 3.3) | ||
| No | 139.2 | 135.0 | 4.2 (3.7, 4.7) | 89.8 | 86.4 | 3.4 (3.1, 3.7) | ||
| Current drinker | 0.29 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Yes | 140.9 | 136.8 | 4.0 (3.6, 4.5) | 91.0 | 87.3 | 3.7 (3.4, 4.1) | ||
| No | 138.9 | 134.5 | 4.4 (3.9, 4.9) | 89.1 | 86.2 | 2.8 (2.5, 3.1) | ||
| CVD | 0.40 | 0.83 | ||||||
| Yes | 140.7 | 137.3 | 3.5 (1.6, 5.3) | 90.7 | 87.5 | 3.2 (2.0, 4.4) | ||
| No | 139.9 | 135.6 | 4.2 (3.9, 4.6) | 90.0 | 86.7 | 3.3 (3.1, 3.5) | ||
| DM | 0.01 | 0.04 | ||||||
| Yes | 141.6 | 136.5 | 5.0 (4.3, 5.8) | 89.9 | 87.1 | 2.8 (2.4, 3.3) | ||
| No | 139.4 | 135.4 | 4.0 (3.6, 4.4) | 90.1 | 86.7 | 3.4 (3.2, 3.7) | ||
| Cancer | 0.40 | 0.71 | ||||||
| Yes | 138.9 | 136.8 | 2.1 (− 3.2, 7.3) | 90.2 | 86.3 | 3.9 (0.4, 7.4) | ||
| No | 139.9 | 135.7 | 4.2 (3.9, 4.6) | 90.1 | 86.8 | 3.3 (3.0, 3.5) | ||
| Impaired renal functionb | 0.42 | 0.12 | ||||||
| Yes | 140.8 | 136.1 | 4.7 (3.5, 5.9) | 90.9 | 87.0 | 3.9 (3.1, 4.7) | ||
| No | 139.8 | 135.7 | 4.2 (3.8, 4.5) | 90.0 | 86.8 | 3.2 (3.0, 3.5) | ||
| Time interval of health-exam and research-quality BPs | < 0.001 | 0.01 | ||||||
| < 10 days | 139.7 | 135.1 | 4.6 (4.2, 5.0) | 90.0 | 86.5 | 3.5 (3.2, 3.7) | ||
| 10 to < 20 days | 140.1 | 137.1 | 3.0 (1.6, 4.4) | 89.6 | 87.1 | 2.5 (1.6, 3.5) | ||
| ≥ 20 days | 140.8 | 138.4 | 2.3 (1.4, 3.2) | 90.7 | 88.1 | 2.6 (2.0, 3.2) | ||
| Order of health-exam and research-quality BPs | 0.46 | 0.67 | ||||||
| Health-exam before research-quality BPs | 139.5 | 135.4 | 4.1 (3.6, 4.6) | 90.1 | 86.7 | 3.3 (3.0, 3.7) | ||
| Health-exam after research-quality BPs | 140.1 | 135.8 | 4.3 (3.9, 4.8) | 90.0 | 86.8 | 3.2 (2.9, 3.5) | ||
| Use of antihypertensive drugs | 0.07 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| None | 140.4 | 135.9 | 4.5 (3.9, 5.0) | 90.3 | 87.1 | 3.2 (2.9, 3.6) | ||
| Nitrendipine & captoril | 139.3 | 135.3 | 4.0 (3.4, 4.7) | 89.9 | 86.3 | 3.6 (3.2, 4.0) | ||
| Nitrendipine & antisterone | 138.5 | 136.1 | 2.4 (0.8, 4.0) | 90.4 | 86.4 | 4.1 (3.0, 5.1) | ||
| Hydrochlorothiazide & captoril | 139.1 | 135.7 | 3.3 (2.0, 4.7) | 90.4 | 86.3 | 4.0 (3.1, 4.9) | ||
| Hydrochlorothiazide & antisterone | 138.5 | 134.9 | 3.6 (2.1, 5.1) | 90.0 | 85.7 | 4.3 (3.3, 5.2) | ||
| Self-administration | 140.6 | 135.8 | 4.7 (4.0, 5.5) | 89.6 | 87.3 | 2.3 (1.8, 2.8) | ||
| Type of sphygmomanometer | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| Mercury vs mercury | 138.3 | 134.1 | 4.2 (3.6, 4.8) | 90.7 | 86.9 | 3.8 (3.4, 4.2) | ||
| Electronic vs electronic | 142.8 | 140.6 | 2.1 (1.0, 3.2) | 90.7 | 87.1 | 3.6 (2.8, 4.3) | ||
| Mercury vs electronic | 138.1 | 138.9 | − 0.9 (− 2.1, 0.4) | 92.0 | 87.7 | 4.3 (3.5, 5.1) | ||
| Electronic vs mercury | 141.0 | 134.5 | 6.5 (5.7, 7.4) | 87.8 | 85.6 | 2.2 (1.7, 2.8) | ||
| HMC sites | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| One | 140.4 | 139.7 | 0.7 (− 0.1, 1.5) | 91.5 | 87.1 | 4.3 (3.8, 4.9) | ||
| Two | 139.9 | 135.8 | 4.1 (3.1, 5.2) | 91.3 | 88.2 | 3.1 (2.4, 3.8) | ||
| Three | 143.3 | 134.3 | 9.1 (5.6, 12.5) | 95.8 | 84.8 | 11.0 (8.7, 13.2) | ||
| Four | 137.9 | 135.4 | 2.5 (1.8, 3.2) | 87.3 | 86.6 | 0.7 (0.2, 1.1) | ||
| Five | 145.2 | 136.5 | 8.7 (7.2, 10.2) | 93.9 | 87.4 | 6.5 (5.5, 7.5) | ||
| Six | 147.2 | 142.6 | 4.6 (0.2, 8.9) | 91.7 | 89.8 | 1.9 (-1.0, 4.8) | ||
| Seven | 144.4 | 138.0 | 6.3 (5.2, 7.4) | 92.3 | 90.1 | 2.0 (1.5, 3.0) | ||
| Eight | 148.2 | 140.8 | 7.4 (3.1, 11.7) | 97.1 | 91.0 | 6.1 (3.3, 9.0) | ||
| Nine | 135.8 | 127.5 | 8.3 (7.5, 9.0) | 87.3 | 81.9 | 5.4 (4.8, 5.9) | ||
| Ten | 143.8 | 143.3 | 0.6 (− 1.0, 2.1) | 94.7 | 92.1 | 2.7 (1.7, 3.7) | ||
BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, CVD cardiovascular disease, DBP diastolic blood pressure, DM diabetes, HMCs health management centers, SBP systolic blood pressure
aBeing physically active was defined as moderate or vigorous physical activity for ≥ 80 min per week
bImpaired renal function was defined as the presence of albuminuria or estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 (ml/min/1.73 m2)