Table 2.
Summary of Maintenance following the Removal of the Token Economy
| Attempting to Increase or Decrease Target Behavior? | Maintenance Category | Source | Dependent Variable | Average Values at Each Condition | % Change from Baseline | Values Provided by Authors or Calculated?* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Treatment | Follow-Up | ||||||
| Decrease | Natural Environment/Alternative Reinforcers | Reisinger (1972) | Crying Frequency | 29 | 2 | 3 | 90% | Calculated |
| Fading | Carton and Schweitzer (1996) | Intervals Noncompliant | 7.3 | 0.22 | 1 | 86% | Provided | |
| Thinning | Mottram et al. (2002) P1 | % Disruptive Behavior | 54% | 12% | 9% | 83% | Provided | |
| Thinning | Nilsson (1976) | Soiling Frequency | 1.97 | 0.41 | 0.37 | 81% | Calculated | |
| Combination of Maintenance Strategies | Jones and Kazdin (1975) | % Inappropriate Motor Movement | 62.20% | 30% | 12.30% | 80% | Provided | |
| Thinning | Mottram et al. (2002) P3 | % Disruptive Behavior | 54% | 14% | 11% | 80% | Provided | |
| Thinning | Musser et al. (2001) P1 | % Disruptive Behavior | 39% | 9% | 9% | 77% | Provided | |
| Thinning | Mottram et al. (2002) P2 | % Disruptive Behavior | 59% | 16% | 16% | 73% | Provided | |
| Token Economy Not Entirely Removed | Frederiksen and Frederiksen (1975) | Disruptions | 0.39 | 0.21 | 0.11 | 72% | Calculated | |
| Thinning | Musser et al. (2001) P3 | % Disruptive Behavior | 36% | 12% | 11% | 69% | Provided | |
| Combination of Maintenance Strategies | Hislop et al. (1973) | % Inappropriate Behavior | 52% | 40.27% | 17.20% | 67% | Provided | |
| Thinning | Musser et al. (2001) P2 | % Disruptive Behavior | 36% | 9% | 12% | 67% | Provided | |
| Combination of Maintenance Strategies | Turkewitz et al. (1975) | Disruptive Behavior/20-s Interval | 1.33 | 0.43 | 0.6 | 55% | Provided | |
| Natural Environment/Alternative Reinforcers | Elliott et al. (1979) | NOISE Score (Withdrawal) | 23.9 | 18.9 | 14.6 | 39% | Provided | |
| Thinning | Kuypers et al. (1968) | % Problem Behavior | 54% | 27.80% | 41.50% | 23% | Provided | |
| Token Economy Not Entirely Removed | Santogrossi et al. (1973) | Disruptive Behavior/20-s Interval | 1.5 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 20% | Calculated | |
| Thinning | Evans (1976) | Hair Pulls Frequency | 2.14 | 0 | No Baseline Data Provided | Calculated | ||
| Increase | Combination of Maintenance Strategies | Kazdin and Polster (1973) | Interactions/day | 0.8 | 11 | 10.06 | 1157.50% | Provided |
| Combination of Maintenance Strategies | Rosenstein and Price (1994) | Time to eat (minutes) on average | 3 | 14.94 | 18.22 | 507.33% | Calculated | |
| Combination of Maintenance Strategies | Novak and Hammond (1983) | Reading problems completed (mean) | 1.58 | 9.21 | 7.74 | 389.87% | Provided | |
| Natural Environment/Alternative Reinforcers | Chadwick and Day (1971) | Problem solved/min | 1.4 | 3.35 | 5.5 | 292.86% | Provided | |
| Combination of Maintenance Strategies | Wood and Flynn (1978) | Items correct out of 15 | 3.35 | 12 | 12.55 | 275% | Provided | |
| Thinning | McGinnis et al. (1999) | Michael—time on math | 27% | 100% | 100% | 270.37% | Calculated | |
| Combination of Maintenance Strategies | Cohen et al. (1979) | Accuracy % | 31% | 65% | 80% | 158.06% | Provided | |
| Combination of Maintenance Strategies | Walker et al. (1976) | appropriate behavior % | 47% | 78% | 95% | 102.13% | Provided | |
| Thinning | Butler (1979) | Percentage Scores | 44% | 77% | 84% | 90.91% | Provided | |
| Token Economy Not Entirely Removed | Hersen et al. (1972) | # of points earned | 10.39 | 16.64 | 18.77 | 80.65% | Calculated | |
| Thinning | Fox and Roseen (1977) | Mean oz. consumed | 9.13 | 12.17 | 16 | 75.25% | Calculated | |
| Combination of Maintenance Strategies | Campbell and Willis (1978) | Test Scores | 5.4 | 8.19 | 9.22 | 70.74% | Calculated | |
| Natural Environment/Alternative Reinforcers | Chadwick and Day (1971) | Problems correct % | 50% | 70% | 73% | 46% | Provided | |
| Combination of Maintenance Strategies | Barker et al. (1978) | Group success rate % | 66.67% | 89.65% | 95.59% | 43.38% | Calculated | |
| Natural Environment/Alternative Reinforcers | Shogren et al. (2011) | Appropriate intervals % | 68.36% | 90.50% | 92.50% | 35.31% | Provided | |
| Natural Environment/Alternative Reinforcers | Elliott et al. (1979) | Social Interest- NOISE Score | 21.5 | 30 | 28.6 | 33.02% | Provided | |
| Token Economy Not Entirely Removed | Frederiksen and Frederiksen (1975) | On task % | 73.25 | 94.17 | 96.63 | 31.92% | Calculated | |
| Fading | Sullivan & O'Leary (1990) | On task % | 54.57% | 79.60% | 71.38% | 30.80% | Calculated | |
| Combination of Maintenance Strategies | Walker and Buckley (1972) | appropriate behavior % | 53.91% | 90% | 70.09% | 30.01% | Provided | |
| Combination of Maintenance Strategies | Cohen et al. (1979) | On Task % | 59.50% | 92% | 70% | 17.65% | Provided | |
| Natural Environment/Alternative Reinforcers | Elliott et al. (1979) | Competence- NOISE Score | 45.5 | 54.9 | 52.1 | 14.51% | Provided | |
| Natural Environment/Alternative Reinforcers | Fuoco et al. (1988) | Scores (percentage) | 71.45 | 90 | 80.55 | 12.74% | Provided | |
| Natural Environment/Alternative Reinforcers | Chadwick and Day (1971) | At work % | 39% | 57% | 42% | 7.69% | Provided | |
| Thinning | McGinnis et al. (1999) | Charlie—Time spend on math | 35.70% | 92.20% | 15% | -42.02% | Calculated | |
| Thinning | Fernandez et al. (1973) | Percent improvement | 0 | 66.55% | 69.60% | No Baseline Data Provided | Provided | |
| Natural Environment/Alternative Reinforcers | Reisinger (1972) | Smiling frequency | 0 | 23 | 19 | No Baseline Data Provided | Calculated | |
| Token Economy Not Entirely Removed | Phillips et al. (1971) | # of items completed | 396 | 359.17 | No Baseline Data Provided | Calculated | ||
Summary of treatment maintenance across all studies, sorted by largest change from baseline at follow-up. Individual subject data was included for studies that did not average across participants. Data was not provided and therefore not calculable for Nay and Legum, L. (1976), Aho (1978), Hanel and Martin (1980), Mendham and Thorne (1984), and Miller and Dermer (1979)
*Data not provided by authors was hand-calculated using graphs included in the manuscript. Therefore, calculated data is subject to error.