Table 3.

ORs and 95% CIs of patient and hospital predictors for ADEs related to common asthma medications in hospitalized US children, 2000–2016

Variables	Corticosteroid ADEs		Bronchodilator ADEs
	Crude ORa, 95% CI	Adjusted ORb, 95% CI	Crude ORa, 95% CI	Adjusted ORd, 95% CI
Age, years
0–4 (ref)	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
5–11	1.93 (1.78–2.09)**	1.74 (1.63–1.85)**	1.59 (1.49–1.71)**	1.45 (1.38–1.52)**
12–20	3.89 (3.56–4.25)**	2.17 (2.03–2.31)**	0.97 (0.87–1.07)	0.83 (0.78–0.89)**
Sex
Male (ref)	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Female	1.35 (1.27–1.43)**	N/Ac	1.0 (0.95–1.05)	N/Ac
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white (ref)	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Non-Hispanic black	1.03 (0.93–1.13)	0.96 (0.91–1.02)	1.71 (1.47–1.99)**	1.29 (1.22–1.36)**
Hispanic	0.81 (0.73–0.89)**	0.88 (0.82–0.95)**	1.12 (0.93–1.35)	0.94 (0.88–1.00)
Other	0.78 (0.68–0.89)**	0.88 (0.80–0.97)*	1.41 (1.17–1.69)**	1.23 (1.13–1.33)**
Insurance
Government (ref)	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Private	1.06 (0.99–1.13)	1.15 (1.09–1.21)**	0.79 (0.70–0.88)**	0.91 (0.87–0.95)**
Other/self-pay	1.52 (1.35–1.71)**	1.46 (1.35–1.58)**	0.92 (0.74–1.16)	0.96 (0.88–1.04)
Comorbidities (yes/no)
Infectious and parasitic disease	1.38 (1.27–1.50)**	N/Ac	2.14 (1.92–2.39)**	1.65 (1.57–1.74)**
Neoplasms	3.37 (2.65–4.30)**	1.22 (1.07–1.39)*	0.28 (0.18–0.44)**	0.19 (0.13–0.28)**
Endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases	6.74 (6.29–7.23)**	4.83 (4.60-5.07)**	2.48 (2.24–2.74)**	2.31 (2.20–2.42)**
Diseases of blood and blood-forming organs	6.39 (5.84–6.99)**	4.01 (3.79–4.24)**	0.98 (0.85–1.12)	0.76 (0.69–0.83)**
Mental disorders	1.92 (1.76–2.10)**	0.92 (0.86–0.98)*	0.84 (0.76–0.92)**	0.76 (0.70–0.82)**
Nervous system diseases	0.93 (0.85–1.02)	0.67 (0.62–0.72)**	0.52 (0.46–0.59)**	0.49 (0.45–0.54)**
Circulatory system diseases	4.49 (4.04–4.99)**	1.75 (1.63–1.88)**	3.36 (2.70–4.19)**	3.01 (2.8–3.24)**
Digestive system diseases	1.88 (1.71–2.07)**	0.81 (0.76–0.87)**	0.71 (0.63–0.80)**	0.52 (0.48–0.57)**
Skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases	1.42 (1.28–1.57)**	1.26 (1.17–1.35)**	2.28 (2.07–2.50)**	1.69 (1.59–1.79)**
Musculoskeletal system diseases	2.19 (1.89–2.54)**	0.87 (0.79–0.96)*	0.53 (0.42–0.68)**	0.41 (0.34–0.48)**
Hospital location, teaching status
Rural	0.83 (0.72–0.95)**	1.08 (0.99–1.19)	0.13 (0.09–0.18)**	0.15 (0.13–0.18)**
Urban non-teaching	1.12 (1.01–1.24)*	1.40 (1.32–1.48)**	0.24 (0.18–0.33)**	0.27 (0.25–0.29)**
Urban teaching (ref)	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Hospital region
Northeast	0.65 (0.56–0.76)**	0.75 (0.70–0.80)**	0.86 (0.59–1.26)	0.69 (0.65–0.73)**
Midwest	1.03 (0.90–1.17)	0.92 (0.86–0.98)*	1.48 (1.02–2.17)*	1.36 (1.29–1.44)**
South (ref)	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
West	0.86 (0.75–0.99)*	0.86 (0.81–0.92)**	1.01 (0.71–1.43)	1.04 (0.98–1.11)

ADE adverse drug events, CI confidence interval, N/A not available, OR odds ratio, ref reference

*p < 0.05; *p < 0.001

^aUnivariate logistic regression

^bStepwise multivariate logistic regression adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, insurance, other health conditions, hospital location teaching status, and hospital region

^cDropped by the stepwise model