TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of study cohort.
| Variables | Total (n = 20) |
| Demographics | |
| Age, years | 70.9 ± 5.60 |
| Gender, n (%) | |
| Female | 14 (70.0) |
| Male | 6 (30.0) |
| Race, n (%) | |
| Chinese | 15 (75.0) |
| Malay | 5 (25.0) |
| Level of education, n (%) | |
| No formal education | 3 (15.0) |
| Primary | 11 (55.0) |
| Secondary | 6 (30.0) |
| Education, years | 6.40 ± 3.58 |
| Housing, n (%) | |
| 1–2 room | 19 (95.0) |
| 3 room | 1 (5.0) |
| Medical history | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 15 (75.0) |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 17 (85.0) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 6 (30.0) |
| Asthma, n (%) | 1 (5.0) |
| Cancer, n (%) | 3 (15.0) |
| Current medications | 4.30 ± 2.74 |
| Anthropometry | |
| Weight, kg | 61.38 ± 9.63 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.10 ± 4.02 |
| Cognitive performance | |
| CMMSE, max 28 | 23.50 ± 2.37 |
| Functional status | |
| BADL score* | 100.00 (95.00–100.00) |
| IADL score* | 23 (22–23) |
| Frailty status | |
| FRAIL, n (%) | |
| Robust | 13 (65.0) |
| Pre-frail | 7 (35.0) |
| Score*, max 5 | 0 (0–1.00) |
| CFS, n (%) | |
| CFS 3 | 6 (30.0) |
| CFS 4 | 14 (70.0) |
| Score*, (range 3–5) | 4.00 (3.00–4.00) |
| Physical performance | |
| SPPB*, max 12 | 10.00 (8.00–11.00) |
| HGS, kg | 16.35 ± 5.66 |
Mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated; *median (IQR); BADL, basic activities of daily living; BMI, body mass index; CFS, clinical frailty scale; CMMSE, Chinese mini-mental state examination; EQ–5D–5L, EuroQOL 5-dimension 5–level questionnaire; EQ-VAS, EuroQOL visual analogue scale; FFP, Fried frailty phenotype; HGS, hand-grip strength; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; SPPB, short physical performance battery.