TABLE 1.
Overview of included case reports per patient
| First author | Year of publication | Age | First presentation | WBC (×109/L) | Time to treatment | CML history | Use of leukapheresis | Radiation therapy | Management | Resolution | ED |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Only oncological treatment | |||||||||||
| Atas [12] | 2018 | 18 | Y | 215 | 5 days | N | Y | N | Oncologic: hyperhydration, allopurinol, later leukapheresis | Y, after 5 days | NS |
| Castagnetti [13] | 2008 | 9 | Y | 509 | Several days | N | Y | N | Oncologic: cytoreduction therapy, antibiotics, anticoagulants, leukapheresis | Y | NS |
| 9 | Y | 169 | NS | N | N | N | NB: stuttering priapism. Oncologic: cytoreduction therapy, anticoagulant | Y | NS | ||
| 9 | Y | 472 | 9 h | N | Y | N | Oncologic: cytoreduction therapy, antibiotics, anticoagulants, leukapheresis | Y | NS | ||
| Ergenc [14] | 2015 | 18 | Y | 100 | 72 h | N | Y | N | Oncologic: imatinib, allopurinol, hyperhydration, leukapheresis | Y | Y |
| Kumar [15] | 2017 | 19 | Y | 240 | 21 days | N | N | Y | Oncologic: hydroxycarbamide, busulphan. Radiation: penile radiation | Y | NS |
| 38 | Y | 397 | 24 h | N | N | N | Oncologic: hyperhydration, busulphan | Y | N | ||
| Musa [16] | 2017 | 18 | Y | 199 | 12 days | N | N | N | Oncologic: hydroxycarbamide, allopurinol | Y, after 4 weeks | Y |
| Ocheni [17] | 2010 | 30 | Y | 356 | 4 days | N | N | N | Oncologic: cyclophosphamide and hydroxycarbamide | Y, not stated when | NS |
| Veljkovic [18] | 2012 | 16 | Y | 320 | 1 day | N | Y | N | Oncologic: anticoagulant, cytoreductive chemotherapy. After no effect leukapheresis, immediate improvement. Imatinib | Y, after 13 days | NS |
| First oncological, later urological treatment | |||||||||||
| Becerra‐Pedraza [19] | 2018 | 52 | Y | 282 | 6 days | N | N | N | Urologic: aspiration, irrigation. Surgery shunt. Oncologic: hyperhydration and allopurinol | NS | NS |
| Gupta [20] | 2009 | 12 | Y | 364 | 48 h | N | N | N | Oncological: hyperhydration, hydroxycarbamide. Urological: injection terbutaline | Y, 1 day | NS |
| Morano [21] | 2000 | 23 | Y | 660 | 3 days | N | Y | N | Oncologic: hydroxycarbamide, leukapheresis. Urologic (started after 3 days): aspiration. After conspicuous edema → shunt surgery | Y, slight clinical improvement after puncture | Y |
| Combined treatment/unknown timeline | |||||||||||
| Gaye [22] | 2020 | 46 | Y | 526 | 48 h | N | N | N | Urologic: puncture, injection phenylephrine. Oncologic: hydration, allopurinol, hydroxycarbamide, imatinib | NS | NS |
| Hazra [23] | 2013 | 14 | Y | 227 | 24 h | N | N | N | Urologic: aspiration, irrigation and phenylephrine injection. Oncologic: hyperhydration | Y, after 5 days | NS |
| Huei [24] | 2018 | 28 | Y | 294 | 2 days | N | N | N | Urologic: aspiration, irrigation, injection with phenylephrine. Corporaglandula shunting. Oncologic: hyperhydration, cytarabine, hydroxycarbamide | After aspiration short detumescence, but reoccurred hours later. Following drainage: flaccid | NS |
| Mishra [25] | 2020 | 24 | Y | 207 | 5 days | N | Y | N | Oncologic: hydroxycarbamide, hydration and daily leukapheresis (five sessions). Urologic: aspiration (three times), distal shunt | Y, after 7 days | Y |
| Purohit [26] | 2021 | 17 | Y | 386 | 2 days | N | N | N | Urologic: aspiration and irrigation. Oncologic: (after complete detumescence) hydroxycarbamide and imatinib | Y | N |
| Sossa Melo [27] | 2021 | 47 | Y | 222 | 8 h | N | N | N | Urologic: injection, aspiration and irrigation. Distal surgical shunt. Oncologic: hydration, hydroxycarbamide and allopurinol. Dasatinib | Y | NS |
| Syarif [28] | 2021 | 27 | Y | 620 | 10 days | N | N | N | Urologic: winter procedure (shunt), aspiration and injection. Oncologic: hydroxycarbamide and allopurinol | Y | Y |
| First urological, later oncological treatment | |||||||||||
| Abd El Salam [29] | 2019 | 30 | Y, just dis‐continued treatment CML | 210 | 16 h | Y | N | N | Urologic: aspiration and irrigation with ephedrine. Oncologic: hydroxycarbamide, hydration and allopurinol | Y, after aspiration | Y |
| Avci [30] | 2005 | 55 | Y | 184 | 8 h | N | N | N | Urologic: aspiration and ephinephrine irrigation, shunt procedure. Oncologic: hydroxycarbamide, allopurinol and hydration | Y, after shunt | NS |
| Chang [31] | 2003 | 21 | Y | 217 | NS | N | N | N | Urologic: aspiration, irrigation, injection with epinephrine. Oncologic: hydroxycarbamide, interferon α‐2a. Allopurinol. Hyperhydration | Y | N |
| Clark [32] | 2018 | 13 | Y | 350 | 3 days | N | Y | N | Urologic: injection with phenylephrine, three corporal irrigation, shunt surgery. Oncologic: leukapheresis, hyperhydration, hydroxycarbamide, allopurinol | N, still phallus rigidity and tenderness | NS |
| Dhanju [14] | 2019 | 18 | Y | 363 | 14 h | N | N | N | Urologic: aspiration and irrigation with phenylephrine. Oncologic: hydroxycarbamide, allopurinol and later imatinib | Y, after aspiration | N |
| Dhar [33] | 2019 | 52 | Y | 239 | 4 h | N | N | N | Urologic: needle aspiration, shunt surgery. Oncologic: hydroxycarbamide, imatinib, allopurinol, hyperhydration | Y | N |
| Dogra [34] | 2004 | 18 | Y | 320 | 10 days | N | N | N | Oncologic: hyperhydration, allopurinol, 6‐mercapropurine. Urologic: shunt surgery | Partially | Y |
| Ervie [35] | 2015 | 22 | Y | 185 | 9 h (stuttering priapism existed for a month prior to visitation) | N | N | N | Urologic: aspiration and terbutaline injection. Oncologic: hydroxycarbamide, allopurinol and prednisone, later imatinib | Y | NS |
| Farhan [36] | 2015 | 35 | Y | 378 | 30 h | N | N | N | Urologic: aspiration and irrigation. Oncologic: hydration, allopurinol and hydroxycarbamide and later imatinib | Y, after 5 days | NS |
| Gupta and Agrawal [37] | 2008 | 55 | Y | 420 | 2 days | N | N | N | Urologic: shunt surgery. Oncologic: hydroxycarbamide | NS | NS |
| Jameel [38] | 2009 | 21 | Y | 316 | 8 h | N | N | N | Urologic: cavernosa aspiration, irrigation, injection with epinephrine. Oncologic: hydroxycarbamide, allopurinol, hyperhydration | Y | N |
| 55 | Y | 282 | 12 h | N | N | N | Urologic: cavernosa aspiration. Oncologic: hydroxycarbamide, allopurinol, hyperhydration | Y | NS | ||
| Khan [39] | 2018 | 16 | Y | 615 | 11 days | N | N | N | Oncologic: hydroxycarbamide, aspirin, allopurinol, hyperhydration. Urologic: aspiration and washes | Y | N |
| Manuel [40] | 2007 | 20 | Y | 708 | Developed during hospital stay | N | Y | Y | Urologic: aspiration and injection with phenylephrine. Oncologic: leukapheresis and oral hydroxycarbamide. Induction chemotherapy. Radiation: local | Y | NS |
| Minckler [41] | 2017 | 18 | N a | 588 | 6 h | N | N | N | Urologic: aspiration and irrigation. Oncologic: hydroxycarbamide | Y, after aspiration | NS |
| Narendra [42] | 2011 | 11 | Y | 290 | 12 h | N | N | N | Urologic: conservative management was advised due to short duration, mild pain, and lack of ischemia. Oncologic: hydration, allopurinol, and hydroxycarbamide. Later imatinib | NS | N |
| Nerli [43] | 2016 | 19 | Y | 297 | 24 h | N | N | N | Urologic: aspiration, irrigation, injection with phenylephrine. Oncologic: hydroxycarbamide, imatinib, allopurinol | Y | NS |
| Rajabto [44] | 2020 | 44 | Yes | 399 | 4 days | N | N | N | Urologic: puncture, injection ephinephrine. Oncologic: hydration, allopurinol, hydroxycarbamide, imatinib | Y | Y |
| Patil [45] | 2016 | 22 | Y | 157 | 8 h | N | N | N | Urologic: ultrasound‐guided cavernosa aspiration. Oncologic: imatinib, hyperhydration | Y, after 1 month | NS |
| Ponniah [46] | 2004 | 19 | Y | 294 | 18 h | N | Y | N | Urologic: aspiration. Oncologic: cytotoxic medication, leukapheresis | Y | N |
| Qu [47] | 2019 | 18 | Y | 257 | 72 h | N | N | N | Urologic: aspiration, injection with phenylephrine. Shunt surgery. Oncologic: imatinib, hyperhydration | Y, after surgery | N |
| Sachdeva [48] | 2020 | 14 | No, recurrent in 2 months | 458 | 6 days | N | N | N | Urologic: aspiration and irrigation, later bilateral cavernotomy. Oncologic: hydration, allopurinol, hydroxycarbamide, imatinib | Y | Y |
| Shaeer [3] | 2015 | 21 | Y | 410 | 6 days | N | Y | N | Urologic: aspiration, irrigation, sildenafil citrate. Oncologic: imatinib, leukapheresis, | NS | N |
| Swapna [49] | 2017 | 18 | Y | 144 | 4 days | N | Y | Y | Urologic: aspiration, irrigation, injection with phenylephrine. Radiation: local. Oncologic: leukapheresis, hydroxycarbamide, allopurinol. Initiation of imatinib | Y, after leukapheresis | NS |
| Thakur [50] | 2019 | 15 | Y | 135 | 2 days | N | N | N | Urologic: aspiration, irrigation, phenylephrine injection, distal shunt procedure, later proximal corporospongiosal shunt. Oncologic: hydration, allopurinol, imatinib | Y, after two days | NS |
| Ullah [51] | 2018 | 22 | Y | 219 | 4 days | N | N | N | Urologic: aspiration and irrigation. Oncologic: hydroxycarbamide, interferon α‐2a and allopurinol with hydration | Y, after urologic treatment | NS |
| Only urological treatment | |||||||||||
| Almaeena [52] | 2016 | 36 | Y | 231 | NS | N | N | N | Urologic: aspiration b | Y | NS |
| Ammouri [53] | 2019 | 25 | Y | 501 | 16 h | N | N | N | Urologic: aspiration | Y | NS |
| Htun [54] | 2008 | 21 | Y | 619 | 72 h | N | N | N | Urologic: aspiration, shunt surgery | Y, partial tumescence | NS |
| Ocheni [17] | 2010 | 36 | Y | 456 | 34 h | N | N | N | Urologic: aspiration | Y | NS |
| Sareen [55] | 2018 | 17 | Y | 377 | Recent onset | N | N | N | Urologic: injection of phenylephrine, aspiration | Y | NS |
| Sun [56] | 2019 | 27 | N c | 450 | 9 h | Y d | N | N | Urologic: aspiration, injection with phenylephrine | NS | NS |
| Tazi [57] | 2009 | 33 | Y | 400 | 22 h | N | N | N | Urological: aspiration, irrigation, injection with epinephrine | Y, “later” | N |
Abbreviations: ED, erectile dysfunction; N, no; NA, not applicable; NS, not specified; WBC, white blood cells; Y, yes.
a
Third episode requiring ED‐visit (prior treatment: pseudoephedrine, icepack with result, second: terbutaline without success → aspiration and irrigation).
b
Aspiration was performed in other hospital before referral.
c
Two episodes in period of 2 months.
d
Diagnosed at age of 19 years.