Table 3.
Summary results reported for each predicted outcomes and kind of validation
| Outcomes | AI model | Validation | ACC | SENS | SPEC | PPV | NPV | ROC-AUC | MCC | F1-score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mortality | CT | Internal | 68.3% | 28% | 89.7% | 70.5% | 59.3% | 77% | 0.23 | 40% |
| External | 80.4% | 28.7% | 90.4% | 86.8% | 38% | 70% | 0.22 | 43% | ||
| CT + CF | Internal | 91.7% | 90.5% | 92.4% | 94.8% | 86.2% | 95% | 0.82 | 92.6% | |
| External | 71.7% | 55.6% | 74.8% | 90% | 29.8% | 72% | 0.25 | 68.7% | ||
| CT + CF + LD | Internal | 92.7% | 90.5% | 93.7% | 95% | 88.7% | 96% | 0.84 | 92.7 | |
| External | 70.2% | 66% | 71% | 91.2% | 31.6% | 74% | 0.3 | 76.6% | ||
| CF + LD | Internal | 66% | 53.7% | 72.5% | 75% | 50.8% | 71% | 0.26 | 62.6% | |
| External | 76.8% | 11.5% | 89% | 84% | 16% | 45% | 0.005 | 20.2% | ||
| Intubation | CT | Internal | 70.3% | 75% | 41.7% | 22.4% | 88.6% | 63% | 0.14 | 34.5% |
| External | 71.9% | 75.4% | 30% | 9.3% | 92.8% | 53% | 0.03 | 16.6% | ||
| CT + CF | Internal | 91.3% | 91.5% | 89.8% | 64.3% | 98.3% | 95% | 0.71 | 75.5% | |
| External | 72.6% | 74.7% | 45.7% | 12.4% | 94.7% | 64% | 0.12 | 21.3% | ||
| CT + CF + LD | Internal | 90% | 90% | 90.3% | 60% | 98.3% | 95% | 0.7 | 72% | |
| External | 70.7% | 72.3% | 50% | 12.6% | 95% | 66% | 0.3 | 21.5% | ||
| CF + LD | Internal | 64% | 62.6% | 71.3% | 28.4% | 91.8% | 68% | 0.26 | 40% | |
| External | 68.7% | 71.3% | 34.3% | 8.8% | 93.4% | 51% | 0.03 | 16% | ||
| ICU admission | CT | Internal | 75.3% | 84% | 37% | 38% | 86.8% | 73% | 0.21 | 52.3% |
| External | 80% | 84% | 30% | 15.5% | 93.8% | 63% | 0.11 | 26% | ||
| CT + CF | Internal | 89.6% | 90% | 86.5% | 65.6% | 97% | 94% | 0.69 | 76% | |
| External | 74.7% | 77% | 46% | 13.4% | 95% | 70% | 0.14 | 23% | ||
| CT + CF + LD | Internal | 89% | 89% | 86.7% | 60.7% | 97.7% | 94% | 0.66 | 72% | |
| External | 73% | 74.6% | 52% | 14% | 95.2% | 69% | 0.16 | 24% | ||
| CF + LD | Internal | 60% | 57.5% | 70% | 20.7% | 92.4% | 73% | 0.19 | 30.4% | |
| External | 76% | 79% | 36% | 11.7% | 94% | 57% | 0.09 | 20.4 |
ACC accuracy, SENS sensitivity, SPEC specificity, PPV positive predictive value, NPV negative predictive value, ROC-AUC receiving operator characteristic – area under the curve, MCC Matthew correlation coefficient, CT computerized tomography features, CT + CF computerized tomography features and clinical features except laboratory data, AI artificial intelligence, CT + CF + LD computerized tomography features, clinical features, and laboratory data, CF + LD clinical features and laboratory data