Table 2.
General, methodological, context and sample information of the included studies
| Author(s) | Year | Study design | Mental health inpatient settings as described by the papers | Country | Sample (n.) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PS | RS | |||||
| Alda Díez et al. | 2010 | Case–control | Psychiatric ward | Spain | 204 | |
| Bak et al. | 2014 | Cross-sectional | Psychiatric hospital units | Denmark/Norway | NR | |
| Bak et al. | 2015 | Cross-sectional | Psychiatric hospital units | Denmark/Norway | NR | |
| Beames and Onwumere | 2021 | Systematic review | Adult acute inpatient or psychiatric intensive care | UK | 20 | |
| Beghi et al. | 2013 | Systematic review | Acute psychiatry wards | Italy | 49 | |
| Bennewith et al. | 2010 | Cohort | Mental health hospitals | UK | 773 | |
| Bilanakis et al. | 2010 | Cohort | Mental health hospitals | Greece | 282 | |
| Bowers et al. | 2012 | Cross-sectional | Acute psychiatric wards and psychiatric intensive care units | UK | 522 | |
| Bowers et al. | 2010 | Cross-sectional | Acute mental health wards | UK | NR | |
| Collazos et al. | 2021 | Cross-sectional | Hospital psychiatry emergency rooms | Spain | 397 | |
| Cullen et al. | 2018 | Case–control | General adult acute wards and psychiatric intensive care unit | UK | 4002 | |
| Currier et al. | 2011 | Experimental | Psychiatric emergency department | USA | 151 | |
| Drown et al. | 2018 | Survey | Mental health inpatient units | New Zealand | NR | |
| Flammer et al. | 2013 | Cohort | Inpatient psychiatric care | Germany | 3389 | |
| Gowda et al. | 2018 | Cohort | Department of Psychiatry | India | 200 | |
| Happell and Koehn | 2010 | Survey | Mental health inpatient units | Australia | 3244 | |
| Hendryx et al. | 2010 | Cohort | Adult state psychiatric hospital | USA | 1266 | |
| Hui et al. | 2016 | Literature review | Forensic psychiatry within secure hospital settings | UK | 18 | |
| Husum et al. | 2010 | Cross-sectional | Acute psychiatric wards | Norway | 3462 | |
| Jury et al. | 2019 | Cohort | Adult mental health inpatient services | New Zealand | 11,341 | |
| Knutzen et al. | 2013 | Cohort | Acute psychiatric wards | Norway | 371 | |
| Knutzen et al. | 2014 | Cohort | Acute psychiatric wards | Norway | 373 | |
| Knutzen et al. | 2011 | Case–control | Acute psychiatric wards | Norway | 749 | |
| Lai et al. | 2019 | Ecological | Mental health inpatient services | New Zealand | 10,727 | |
| Lay et al. | 2011 | Cohort | Psychiatric hospitals | Switzerland | 9698 | |
| McLeod et al. | 2017 | Cohort | Mental health inpatient units | New Zealand | 7239 | |
| Mellow et al. | 2017 | Systematic review | Mental health settings | UK | 11 | |
| Miodownik et al. | 2019 | Cohort | Acute, closed psychiatric ward | Israel | 176 | |
| Norredam et al. | 2010 | Cohort | Nationwide psychiatry | Denmark | 312,300 | |
| Opitz-Welke and Konrad | 2012 | Cohort | Psychiatric department within a prison hospital | Germany | 107 | |
| Sambrano and Cox | 2013 | Qualitative | Acute mental health facility | Australia | 3 | |
| Tarsitani et al. | 2013 | Case–control | Psychiatric intensive care unit | Italy | 200 | |
| Taylor et al. | 2012 | Cohort | Psychiatric inpatients units | USA | 3758 | |
| Thomsen et al. | 2017 | Cohort | Nationwide psychiatry | Denmark | 112,233 | |
| Trauer et al. | 2010 | Experimental | Acute psychiatric inpatient ward | Australia | 352 | |
| Tyrer et al. | 2012 | Cohort | General adult acute psychiatric unit | New Zealand | 254 | |
| van de Sande et al. | 2017 | Cohort | Acute psychiatric admission wards | Netherlands | 878 | |
| Verlinde et al. | 2017 | Cohort | Mental health hospitals | Netherlands | 3242 | |
NR not reported, PS primary studies (n = participants), RS reviews (n = included studies)