Table 3.
Description of ethnicities by restrictive practices
| Restrictive practices (n.) | Description of ethnicity | References | Definition of the restrictive practice |
|---|---|---|---|
| Main categories (n.) | |||
| Manual restraint (n = 1) | Review (n = 1) | Hui et al. [2]† | Yes |
| Mechanical restraint (n = 8) | Migrants and native nationals (n = 6) | Alda Díez et al. [38] | No |
| Bak et al. [57] | Yes | ||
| Bak et al. [58] | Yes | ||
| Flammer et al. [74] | Yes | ||
| Husum et al. [75] | Yes | ||
| Tarsitani et al. [25] | Yes | ||
| Mixed categories (n = 1) | Currier et al. [76] | Yes | |
| Review (n = 1) | Hui et al. [2]† | Yes | |
| Rapid tranquillisation (n = 7) | Migrants and native nationals (n = 3) | Flammer et al. [74] | Yes |
| Lay et al. [39] | No | ||
| Opitz-Welke and Konrad [66] | No | ||
| Mixed categories (n = 1) | Verlinde et al. [78] | Yes | |
| Religion (n = 1) | Gowda et al. [77] | Yes | |
| Review (n = 2) | Beames and Onwumere [7] | Yes | |
| Hui et al. [2]† | Yes | ||
| Seclusion (n = 20) | Indigenous and non-indigenous people (n = 5) | Drown et al. [60] | Yes |
| Happell and Koehn [9] | No | ||
| Lai et al. [79] | Yes | ||
| McLeod et al. [62] | Yes | ||
| Trauer et al. [65]* | Yes | ||
| Indigenous people (n = 1) | Sambrano and Cox [67] | No | |
| Migrants and native nationals (n = 3) | Flammer et al. [74] | Yes | |
| Husum et al. [75] | Yes | ||
| Trauer et al. [65]* | Yes | ||
| Mixed categories (n = 8) | Bowers et al. [1] | Yes | |
| Bowers et al. [59] | Yes | ||
| Cullen et al. [81] | Yes | ||
| Hendryx et al. [69] | Yes | ||
| Jury et al. [40] | Yes | ||
| Tyrer et al. [80] | Yes | ||
| van de Sande et al. [68] | No | ||
| Verlinde et al. [78] | Yes | ||
| Religion (n = 1) | Gowda et al. [77] | Yes | |
| Review (n = 3) | Beames and Onwumere [7] | Yes | |
| Hui et al. [2] | Yes | ||
| Mellow et al. [82] | Yes | ||
| Multiple restrictive practices (n = 17) | Geographical categories (n = 1) | Thomsen et al. [64]* | Yes |
| Migrants and native nationals (n = 10) | Bilanakis et al. [83] | Yes | |
| Collazos et al. [63] | No | ||
| Flammer et al. [74] | Yes | ||
| Knutzen et al. [71] | Yes | ||
| Knutzen et al. [72] | Yes | ||
| Knutzen et al. [73] | Yes | ||
| Lay et al. [39] | Yes | ||
| Norredam et al. [49] | Yes (manual and mechanical restraint only) | ||
| Opitz-Welke and Konrad [66] | No | ||
| Thomsen et al. [64]* | Yes | ||
| Mixed categories (n = 4) | Bennewith et al. [61] | No | |
| Hendryx et al. [69] | No | ||
| Miodownik et al. [84] | Yes | ||
| Taylor et al. [70] | Yes (seclusion only) | ||
| Religion (n = 1) | Gowda et al. [77] | Yes | |
| Review (n = 2) | Beames and Onwumere [7] | Yes | |
| Beghi et al. [8] | No |
*Studies dividing ethnicity into more than one category
†Study (a review) investigating restrictive practice; however, no findings were reported