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. 2022 Oct 17;12(12):jkac261. doi: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac261

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© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Genetics Society of America.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Fig. 7. — Estimated confounding explains observed replication. The x-axis is the observed replication, and the y-axis is the proportion of variance in the discovery study explained by confounding. Each dot represents a single GWAS study. The Spearman correlation between the estimated variance of confounding and true replication rate is −0.88. The color corresponds to the number of individuals in the discovery study. While the estimated confounding in the discovery study explains the replication rate well, sample size does not explain the replication consistently.