Table 2. Screening Uptake by Modality in the Intervention and Control Groups, Stratified by Select Patient Characteristics.
| Characteristic | Intervention group (n = 9843a) | Control group (n = 9891) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants, No./total No. (%) | Screened participants who returned an HPV kit, No./total No. screened (%) | P value for characteristic-by-screening modality (kit vs in-clinic) interaction within the intervention groupb | Participants, No./total No. (%) | P value for characteristic-by-randomization group interaction (intervention group in-clinic screening vs control group in-clinic screening)c | ||
| Screened with HPV kit | Screened in-clinic | |||||
| Age, y | ||||||
| 30-34 | 70/808 (8.7) | 140/808 (17.3) | 70/210 (33.3) | <.001 | 144/794 (18.1) | .31 |
| 35-39 | 99/932 (10.6) | 164/932 (17.6) | 99/263 (37.6) | 191/915 (20.9) | ||
| 40-44 | 116/1194 (9.7) | 226/1194 (18.9) | 116/342 (33.9) | 240/1185 (20.3) | ||
| 45-49 | 150/1380 (10.9) | 203/1380 (14.7) | 150/353 (42.5) | 239/1374 (17.4) | ||
| 50-54 | 219/1682 (13.0) | 217/1682 (12.9) | 219/436 (50.2) | 297/1707 (17.4) | ||
| 55-59 | 257/1938 (13.3) | 225/1938 (11.6) | 257/482 (53.3) | 300/1943 (15.4) | ||
| 60-64 | 290/1909 (15.2) | 244/1909 (12.8) | 290/534 (54.3) | 308/1973 (15.6) | ||
| Raced | ||||||
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 12/147 (8.2) | 16/147 (10.9) | 12/28 (42.9) | .03 | 15/145 (10.3) | .47 |
| Asian | 99/893 (11.1) | 148/893 (16.6) | 99/247 (40.1) | 171/880 (19.4) | ||
| Black or African American | 47/438 (10.7) | 73/438 (16.7) | 47/120 (39.2) | 71/431 (16.5) | ||
| More than 1 race | 33/285 (11.6) | 42/285 (14.7) | 33/75 (44.0) | 49/283 (17.3) | ||
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 8/151 (5.3) | 25/151 (16.6) | 8/33 (24.2) | 22/139 (15.8) | ||
| Other | 31/250 (12.4) | 34/250 (13.6) | 31/65 (47.7) | 53/235 (22.6) | ||
| White | 950/7018 (13.5) | 1046/7018 (14.9) | 950/1996 (47.6) | 1289/7111 (18.1) | ||
| Unknown | 21/661 (3.2) | 35/661 (5.3) | 21/56 (37.5) | 49/667 (7.3) | ||
| Ethnicityd | ||||||
| Hispanic | 59/486 (12.1) | 73/486 (15.0) | 59/132 (44.7) | .77 | 96/480 (20.0) | .46 |
| Non-Hispanic | 1116/8710 (12.8) | 1309/8710 (15.0) | 1116/2425 (46.0) | 1577/8761 (18.0) | ||
| Unknown | 26/647 (4.0) | 37/647 (5.7) | 26/63 (41.3) | 46/650 (7.1) | ||
| Length of health plan enrollment, y | ||||||
| 3.4 to <5 | 254/2230 (11.4) | 308/2230 (13.8) | 254/562 (45.2) | .002 | 359/2240 (16.0) | .23 |
| 5 to <10 | 325/3115 (10.4) | 466/3115 (15.0) | 325/791 (41.1) | 516/3045 (16.9) | ||
| ≥10 | 622/4498 (13.8) | 645/4498 (14.3) | 622/1267 (49.1) | 844/4606 (18.3) | ||
| Enrolled 3.4 to <5 y | ||||||
| >3.4 to <5 | 104/704 (14.8) | 165/704 (23.4) | 104/269 (38.7) | .003 | 202/710 (28.5) | .47 |
| No Papanicolaou test | 150/1526 (9.8) | 143/1526 (9.4) | 150/293 (51.2) | 157/1530 (10.3) | ||
| Enrolled 5 to <10 y | ||||||
| >3.4 to <5 | 195/1519 (12.8) | 339/1519 (22.3) | 195/534 (36.5) | <.001 | 397/1468 (27.0) | .22 |
| 5 to <10 | 55/540 (10.2) | 68/540 (12.6) | 55/123 (44.7) | 66/507 (13.0) | ||
| No Papanicolaou test | 75/1056 (7.1) | 59/1056 (5.6) | 75/134 (56.0) | 53/1070 (5.0) | ||
| Enrolled ≥10 y | ||||||
| >3.4 to <5 | 374/2186 (17.1) | 493/2186 (22.6) | 374/867 (43.1) | <.001 | 652/2252 (29.0) | .91 |
| 5 to <10 | 157/1143 (13.7) | 119/1143 (10.4) | 157/276 (56.9) | 151/1182 (12.8) | ||
| ≥10 | 42/475 (8.8) | 20/475 (4.2) | 42/62 (67.7) | 23/506 (4.5) | ||
| No Papanicolaou test | 49/694 (7.1) | 13/694 (1.9) | 49/62 (79.0) | 18/666 (2.7) | ||
| US Census block, median household Income, $USe | ||||||
| <25 000 | 20/140 (14.3) | 18/140 (12.9) | 20/38 (52.6) | .46 | 17/125 (13.6) | .35 |
| 25 000-49 999 | 226/2107 (10.7) | 286/2107 (13.6) | 226/512 (44.1) | 326/2115 (15.4) | ||
| 50 000-74 999 | 412/3448 (11.9) | 503/3448 (14.6) | 412/915 (45) | 568/3439 (16.5) | ||
| 75 000-99 999 | 326/2405 (13.6) | 347/2405 (14.4) | 326/673 (48.4) | 477/2483 (19.2) | ||
| ≥100 000 | 140/1025 (13.7) | 175/1025 (17.1) | 140/315 (44.4) | 212/1013 (20.9) | ||
| Unknown | 77/718 (10.7) | 90/718 (12.5) | 77/167 (46.1) | 119/716 (16.6) | ||
| Travel time from home to primary care clinic, minf | ||||||
| < 10 | 395/3254 (12.1) | 477/3254 (14.7) | 395/872 (45.3) | .54 | 544/3236 (16.8) | .30 |
| 10-<20 | 506/4086 (12.4) | 563/4086 (13.8) | 506/1069 (47.3) | 722/4048 (17.8) | ||
| 20-<30 | 174/1407 (12.4) | 228/1407 (16.2) | 174/402 (43.3) | 255/1415 (18.0) | ||
| ≥30 | 116/1004 (11.6) | 140/1004 (13.9) | 116/256 (45.3) | 186/1072 (17.4) | ||
| Unknown | 10/92 (10.9) | 11/92 (12.0) | 10/21 (47.6) | 12/120 (10.0) | ||
| Body mass indexg | ||||||
| <18.5 | 13/109 (11.9) | 15/109 (13.8) | 13/28 (46.4) | .44 | 19/98 (19.4) | .32 |
| 18.5 to 24.9 | 322/2238 (14.4) | 411/2238 (18.4) | 322/733 (43.9) | 512/2248 (22.8) | ||
| 25 to 29.9 | 318/2168 (14.7) | 365/2168 (16.8) | 318/683 (46.6) | 467/2220 (21.0) | ||
| 30 to 34.9 | 186/1549 (12.0) | 261/1549 (16.8) | 186/447 (41.6) | 278/1603 (17.3) | ||
| 35 to 39.9 | 147/1119 (13.1) | 155/1119 (13.9) | 147/302 (48.7) | 200/1080 (18.5) | ||
| ≥40 | 132/1248 (10.6) | 164/1248 (13.1) | 132/296 (44.6) | 190/1184 (16.0) | ||
| Unknown | 83/1412 (5.9) | 48/1412 (3.4) | 83/131 (63.4) | 53/1458 (3.6) | ||
| Tobacco use | ||||||
| Current | 112/1276 (8.8) | 128/1276 (10.0) | 112/240 (46.7) | .66 | 159/1290 (12.3) | .94 |
| Former | 292/2041 (14.3) | 342/2041 (16.8) | 292/634 (46.1) | 400/2020 (19.8) | ||
| Never | 721/5237 (13.8) | 905/5237 (17.3) | 721/1626 (44.3) | 1092/5232 (20.9) | ||
| Unknown | 76/1289 (5.9) | 44/1289 (3.4) | 76/120 (63.3) | 68/1349 (5.0) | ||
| Charlson Comorbidity Indexh | ||||||
| 0 | 962/7967 (12.1) | 1179/7967 (14.8) | 962/2141 (44.9) | .24 | 1386/8052 (17.2) | .14 |
| 1 | 141/1087 (13.0) | 147/1087 (13.5) | 141/288 (49.0) | 208/1128 (18.4) | ||
| 2 | 57/432 (13.2) | 53/432 (12.3) | 57/110 (51.8) | 72/385 (18.7) | ||
| ≥3 | 41/357 (11.5) | 40/357 (11.2) | 41/81 (50.6) | 53/326 (16.3) | ||
| Adherent to guideline-recommended breast cancer screeningi | ||||||
| Participants, No. | 4930 | 4930 | 5043 | |||
| No | 230/2551 (9.0) | 173/2551 (6.8) | 230/403 (57.1) | .07 | 198/2587 (7.7) | .003 |
| Yes | 452/2221 (20.4) | 422/2221 (19.0) | 452/874 (51.7) | 586/2301 (25.5) | ||
| Unknown | 12/158 (7.6) | 7/158 (4.4) | 12/19 (63.2) | 14/155 (9.0) | ||
| Adherent to guideline-recommended colorectal cancer screeningj | ||||||
| Participants, No. | 5249 | 5249 | 5349 | |||
| No | 262/3106 (8.4) | 270/3106 (8.7) | 262/532 (49.2) | .04 | 329/3240 (10.2) | .39 |
| Yes | 452/1990 (22.7) | 372/1990 (18.7) | 452/824 (54.9) | 519/1974 (26.3) | ||
| Unknown | 7/153 (4.6) | 5/153 (3.3) | 7/12 (58.3) | 11/135 (8.1) | ||
Patient characteristics are not available for 117 participants in the intervention group who opted out of electronic medical record review.
P values are from χ2 tests comparing kit vs Papanicolaou within the intervention group.
P values are from log-binomial regression models comparing intervention group Papanicolaou vs control group Papanicolaou.
Race and ethnicity from electronic medical record data per patient self-report at usual care patient registration via preset multiselect categorical options with "other" allowing free text entry. The study variable was programmatically categorized into the displayed categories by coding any multiple selections as “more than 1 race.” Manual coding of the “other” category was precluded because institutional review board approval only allowed for individual-level data for the control arm and intervention arm kit returners.
Individual household income data were not available in the electronic health record; as a proxy, we used median household income calculated at women’s US Census block.
Travel time to primary care clinic was generated with Network Analyst (ArcInfo v 9.1) using geographic centroids of US Census blocks and geocoded street address using women’s home addresses.41
Body mass index is calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.
Generated from an additive index of comorbid conditions.42
Restricted to participants 52 to 64 years old; adherence is based on Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) definition.43
Restricted to participants 51 to 64 years old; adherence is based on HEDIS definition.44