Table 1.
Descriptive information of included clinical trials.
| Authora | Year | Study region | Intervention type | Control type | Endpoint | Sample size, n (%) | Abstinence, percentageb (95% CI) | ||||
| 3-month | Endpoint | ||||||||||
| Experiment | Control | Experiment | Control | ||||||||
| Abroms [44] | 2014 | United States | Text-based | Self-help guideline | 6 months | 503 (3.25) | 27.5 (22.2, 33.3) | 16.2 (11.8, 21.5) | 11.1 (7.5, 15.5) | 5.0 (2.6, 8.5) | |
| Baskerville [45] | 2018 | Canada | Multiplatform | Self-help guideline | 6 months | 1599 (10.33) | 8.8 (6.9, 10.9) | 9.1 (7.2, 11.4) | 6.1 (4.6, 8.0) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.7) | |
| BinDhim [46] | 2018 | United States, etcc | Multiplatform | Self-help guideline | 6 months | 684 (4.42) | 17.3 (13.4, 21.7) | 7.9 (5.3, 11.3) | 10.2 (7.2, 13.9) | 4.7 (2.7, 7.5) | |
| Brendryen [47] | 2008 | Norway | Multiplatform | Self-help guideline | 12 months | 290 (1.87) | 30.0 (22.5, 38.0) | 11.6 (6.9, 18.0) | 20.1 (13.9, 27.6) | 6.8 (3.3, 12.2) | |
| Kraft [48] | 2008 | Norway | Multiplatform | Self-help guideline | 12 months | 396 (2.56) | 44.7 (37.6, 51.9) | 28.6 (22.5, 35.5) | 37.6 (30.8, 44.7) | 24.1 (18.4, 30.7) | |
| Goldenhersch [49] | 2020 | Argentina | Multiplatform | Self-help guideline | 3 months | 120 (0.78) | 33.3 (21.7, 46.7) | 5.0 (1.0, 13.9) | 33.3 (21.7, 46.7) | 5.0 (1.0, 13.9) | |
| Mavrot [50] | 2017 | Switzerland | Text-based | Self-help guideline | 6 months | 1120 (7.24) | 20.2 (17.0, 23.8) | 17.5 (14.4, 20.9) | 17.0 (14.0, 20.3) | 15.5 (12.6, 18.8) | |
| Scholten [51] | 2019 | Netherlands | Multiplatform | Self-help guideline | 3 months | 144 (0.93) | 29.2 (19.0, 41.1) | 27.8 (17.9, 39.6) | 29.2 (19.0, 41.1) | 27.8 (17.9, 39.6) | |
| Whittaker [52] | 2011 | New Zealand | Multiplatform | Self-help guideline | 6 months | 226 (1.46) | 27.3 (19.2, 36.6) | 21.6 (14.5, 30.1) | 26.4 (18.4, 35.6) | 27.6 (19.7, 36.7) | |
| Rodgers [53] | 2005 | New Zealand | Text-based | No intervention | 6 months | 1705 (11.02) | 29.0 (26.0, 32.2) | 18.8 (16.2, 21.5) | 25.4 (22.5, 28.4) | 23.7 (20.9, 26.7) | |
| Swartz [54] | 2006 | United States | Multiplatform | No intervention | 3 months | 351 (2.27) | 12.3 (7.8, 18.2) | 5 (2.3, 9.27) | 12.3 (7.8, 18.2) | 5 (2.3, 9.27) | |
| Liao [55] | 2018 | China | Text-based | No intervention | 6 months | 1085 (7.01) | 8.3 (6.3, 10.7) | 2.2 (1.0, 4.1) | 6.8 (5.0, 9.0) | 1.9 (0.8, 3.8) | |
| Nguyen [56] | 2019 | France | Text-based | Self-help guideline | 12 months | 2478 (16.02) | 27.5 (25.1, 30.1) | 23.5 (21.1, 25.9) | 20.8 (18.6, 23.2) | 20.6 (18.3, 22.9) | |
| Bricker [57] | 2020 | United States | Text-based | Self-help guideline | 12 months | 2415 (15.61) | 14.4 (12.5, 16.5) | 7.8 (6.4, 9.5) | 9.6 (8.0, 11.3) | 5.4 (4.2, 6.8) | |
| Mussenner [58] | 2016 | Sweden | Text-based | No intervention | 3 months | 1590 (10.28) | 24.5 (21.6, 27.6) | 13.8 (11.4, 16.4) | 24.5 (21.6, 27.6) | 13.8 (11.4, 16.4) | |
| Michele [59] | 2012 | Turkey | Text-based | Self-help guideline | 3 months | 151 (0.98) | 14.5 (7.5, 24.4) | 6.7 (2.2, 14.9) | 14.5 (7.5, 24.4) | 6.7 (2.2, 14.9) | |
| Mays [60] | 2021 | United States | Multiplatform | No intervention | 6 months | 232 (1.49) | 38.1 (29.1, 47.7) | 11.8 (6.6, 19.0) | 51.3 (41.7, 60.8) | 27.7 (19.9, 36.7) | |
| Garcia-Pazo [61] | 2021 | Spain | Multiplatform | Self-help guideline | 6 months | 110 (0.71) | 52.5 (39.3, 65.4) | 34.7 (21.7, 49.6) | 39.3 (27.1, 52.7) | 32.7 (19.9, 47.5) | |
| Chulasai [62] | 2022 | Thailand | Multiplatform | No intervention | 3 months | 273 (1.53) | 58.4 (49.7, 66.7) | 22.1 (15.4, 30.0) | 58.4 (49.7, 66.7) | 22.1 (15.4, 30.0) | |
| Overall | N/Ad | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 15,472 | 21.8 (20.9, 22.7) | 14.5 (13.7, 15.3) | 17.8 (17.0, 18.7) | 13.5 (12.7, 14.2) | |
aFirst author, except for Kraft, who is the second author of the clinical trial. This exception was made because this clinical trial’s first author was also Brendryen, though these 2 trials were completely different samples.
bAbstinence is calculated when treatment lost to follow up as relapse.
cUnited States, United Kingdom, Australia, and Singapore.
dN/A: not applicable.