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. 2022 Dec 1;18(12):2731–2738. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.10198

Table 2.

Linear regression models examining the impact of GERD on sleep quality, while controlling for the impact of various covariates.

Minimally Adjusted Fully Adjusted
β (95% CI) R2 P β (95% CI) R2 P
N1 sleep (%) −0.67 (−2.63 to 1.30) .183 .51 −0.37 (−2.09 to 1.34) .392 .67
N2 sleep (%) 0.88 (−0.91 to 2.66) .014 .34 0.48 (−1.22 to 2.18) .118 .58
N3 sleep (%) 1.55 (0.24 to 2.87) .172 .021* 1.46 (0.15 to 2.77) .192 .03*
REM sleep (%) −1.67 (−2.68 to −0.65) .071 .001* −1.40 (−2.40 to −0.41) .132 .006*
Sleep efficiency (%) −3.67 (−6.00 to −1.36) .165 .002* −3.01 (−5.33 to −0.77) .197 .009*
Wake after sleep onset (minutes) 9.08 (1.07 to 17.10) .169 .026* 8.77 (0.80 to 16.73) .191 .031*
Sleep onset latency (minutes) 4.34 (0.29 to 8.39) .022 .036* 2.81 (−1.23 to 6.85) .044 .17
REM latency (minutes) 27.15 (15.82 to 38.49) .023 < .001* 24.43 (13.25 to 35.61) .061 < .001*
Total sleep time (minutes) −16.75 (−27.34 to −6.17) .172 .002* −13.41 (−23.87 to −2.95) .205 .012*
Arousal index −0.53 (−2.66 to 1.60) .122 .63 0.13 (−1.59 to 1.85) .438 .88

Minimally adjusted model: covariates include age, sex, BMI. Fully adjusted model: covariates include age, sex, BMI, AHI, periodic limb movements, insomnia, depression, neuropathic pain, and fibromyalgia. *P < .05. CI = confidence interval, REM = rapid eye movement.