Table 3.

Comparison of silicone wristbands as passive sampling devices to other sampling approaches.

		Other personal exposure sampling approaches
Ref.	Target Compounds	Urine	Plasma	Hand wipes	Dust	Active air sampling	Passive air sampling (PUFs)	Alternative Silicone Device	Key Conclusions
Anderson et al, 2021	PAHs & OPEs	X		X					• The correlation between PAH levels measured in different matrixes was weak. • Levels of PAHs & OPEs measured in silicone wristbands and urinary metabolites were not consistent throughout sampling. • Urine samples were taken as spot samples before sampling with wristbands.
Craig et al., 2019	SVOCs (phthalates, phthalate alternatives, organophosphate esters)	X						lapel	• For DEHP urine metabolites were more highly correlated to lapel than wristbands (non-significant). • For DEHTP urinary metabolites were moderately correlated with lapels and wristbands. • Spot urine samples were taken before and after the wristband sampling event and the differences between the two urine samples metabolites were correlated to lapels and wristbands.
Dixon et al., 2018	PAHs	X				PUFs-filters			• Two comparisons between PAHs found on PUFs-filters correlated significantly with urinary metabolites. • Six comparisons between PAHs found on wristbands correlated significantly with urinary metabolites. • Spot urine samples were collected at the end of the wristband sampling period.
Gibson et al., 2019	Organophosphate ester flame retardants	X							• Three flame retardants (TPHP, TDCIPP, and TCIPP) measured in wristbands were associated with urinary metabolites. • Spot urine samples were taken at baseline and after one and two weeks of sampling. Wristband concentrations during week one were correlated to the week one urine samples & wristband concentrations during week two were correlated to the week two urine samples.
Hammel et al., 2016	Organophosphate flame retardants	X		X					• Levels of TDCIPP and TCIPP on wristbands were more significantly correlated with urinary metabolites then levels of TDCIPP and TCIPP on hand wipes. • There was also significant correlation between TDCIPP and TCIPP measured using wristbands and handwipes. • Urine samples utilized for comparison were pooled from the first morning void collected on three separate days during the five-day sampling scheme. • Hand wipes were collected at the end of the wristband sampling period.
Hammel et al., 2018	Brominated flame retardants		X						• Wristband levels for four polybrominated diphenyl ether were significantly correlated with serum biomarkers. • Serum samples were collected at the start of the wristband sampling period.
Mendoza-Sanchez et al., 2021	PAHs					Filter and XAD sorbent		Wristbands worn on active sampling backpack	• Concentrations of the PAHs varied across sampling matrix. • PAH profiles in filters were composed of small amounts of many PAHS, but XADs and WBs were predominated by only a few PAHs.
Hammel et al., 2020	Organophosphate esters & phthalates	X		X	X				•Six OPEs and four phthalates were significantly associated with corresponding urinary metabolites. • There was some significant correlation between OPEs measured in wristbands and hand wipes, but dust wristbands were not correlated to dust. • Phthalate concentrations found in dust was not significantly associated with hand wipes, dust, or urinary metabolites. • Three spot urine samples were collected during the wristband sampling period and pooled. • Hand wipes and home dust samples were collected at the start of the wristband sampling period.
Hendryx et al., 2020	PAHs						Stationary indoor & outdoor		• Three significant correlations were found between PAH concentrations in wristbands and outdoor air. Correlations between indoor air and wristbands were not included.
Hoffman et al., 2021	Organophosphate esters	X							•OPE uptake in wristbands occurred linearly during the study period. • TDCIPP and TCIPP wristband and spot urine samples were moderately to strongly correlated to internal dose, while DPHP wristband and spot urine samples were not correlated. • Spot urine samples and a 24hr pooled urine sample were collected for each sampling day.
Levasseur et al., 2021	Environmental phenols	X		X	X				•Ethyl, methyl, and propylparaben levels observed in hand wipes, dust and on wristbands were significantly correlated to their associated urinary metabolites. •Correlations to urinary biomarkers were generally larger for wristbands than correlations for dust, and correlations were similar to or greater than hand wipe correlations. •Three spot urine samples were collected during the wristband sampling period and pooled. •Hand wipes and home dust samples were collected at the start of the wristband sampling period.
Wang et al., 2020	PBDEs, HFRs, OPEs, & dechlorane plus (DPs)								•Silicone wristbands and cotton t-shirts were both used to assess exposure. • Concentrations of 5 compounds in t-shirts were significantly correlated to WBs. • Wristbands accumulated approximately 7 times the mass than the cotton t-shirts. • Utilized a silicone “sandwich where there is direct contact of silicone with a textile to calculate partitioning of chemicals from textile to silicone.
Nguyen et al., 2020	Flame retardants	X	X			OVS cartridges		Brooch and armband	•Stronger correlations were found between active air samplers and brooches, compared to wristbands and armbands. • BDE-209 concentrations in brooches and wristbands were moderately correlated with levels in blood plasma. • OPEs in brooches and wristbands were not correlated with urine or plasma biomarkers. • Spot urine samples were collected at the end of the wristband sampling period and plasma samples were collected the following day.
O’Connell et al., 2014	PAHs							Lapel and stacked wristbands	• There was no statistical difference between wristband configurations and most discrepancies could be explained by the silicone being covered by protective clothing.
Quintana et al., 2019	Nicotine	X						2-days vs 7-day wristband	•Nicotine detected in wristbands for both two and seven days were highly correlated with the urinary biomarker cotinine. • Concentrations found in the 2-day and 7- day wristbands were significantly correlated. • Spot urine samples were collected at the end of the sampling period.
Quintana et al., 2021	Nicotine, cotinine, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines	X					X	2-days vs 7-day wristband	• Concentrations found in the 2-day and 7- day wristbands were significantly correlated. • The wristbands had significantly higher detection frequencies for nicotine and cotinine than the passive air sampler. • Concentrations found in the 2-day and 7-day wristbands were significantly correlated to urinary concentrations collected on day 7. • Spot urine samples were collected at the end of the sampling period.
Wang et al., 2019	PAHs, PBDE, nBFRs, and OPEs			X	X		OVS cartridges	Brooches	• Concentrations for nBFRs and OPEs in OVS cartridges were positively associated with wristbands and brooches. • Concentrations for PAHs, PBDE, nBFRs, and OPEs in wristbands were positively associated with hand wipes and brooches, but more so for hand wipes. • Significant correlations between measures on dog tags and wristbands were observed.
Wise et al.,2020	SVOCs	X						Sentinel animal dog tags	• Correlations with respective urinary metabolites were stronger in dog tags compared to that in wristbands for several OPEs. • Three urine samples were collected over a five-day sampling period and pooled for both owners and pets.
Wise et al., 2021	Pesticides	X						Sentinel animal dog tags	• There were significant and positive correlations between silicone samplers and urinary metabolites in both species for DEET and permethrin. • Three urine samples were collected over a five-day sampling period and pooled for both owners and pets.
Xie et al., 2021	OPEs	X			X				•More significant correlations existed between house dust and wristbands for children then their mothers. • There was a significant correlation between mother and child urinary DPHP and BDCIPP concentrations. • Wristband concentrations of TDCIPP were more significantly correlated with urinary metabolites than house dust. • Pooled urine from two collections during the sampling period were utilized for comparison.