Table 4.

Publications related to the theory and quantification of chemicals absorbed to SPSDs in chronological order.

Ref.	Publication Goal	Study Results
O’Connell et al., 2014	Establish silicone wristbands as an effective passive sampling tool.	• Established laboratory practices concerning cleaning, infusion, and extraction of SPSD. • Measured 49 chemicals within SPSD extracts with KoW ranging from −0.07 to 9.49. • SPSDs were used in an occupational setting for the first time and demonstrated spatial sensitivity.
Anderson et al., 2017	Establishing wristband practices and user guidelines	• Without proper conditioning analytical sensitivity is decreased, and the instrument will require a high degree of maintenance • Wristbands are stable for transport in air-tight containers at ambient air temperatures for 1–2 weeks. • Wristbands are stable for storage at 4°C for SVOCs and VOCs for up to 3 months, stable for longer if stored at −20°C. • Wristbands are suitable for sampling chemical classes with a log KOA range of 2.1 – 13.7.
Bergmann et al., 2018	Development of a quantitative screen for 1550 chemicals using gas chromatography mass (GC-MS) spectrometry for use with analysis of silicone wristbands.	• Created a targeted analysis for a large number of chemicals ranging in phys-chem properties using a predictive model and Automated Mass Spectral Deconvolution and Identification System. • Analytical method improves efficient environmental monitoring paired with passive samplers such as silicone wristbands.
Romanak et al., 2019	Development of a GC-MS method capable of screening 77 SVOCs from four chemical categories (PBDEs, HFRs, OPEs and PAHs) for use with SPSDs.	• Created a targeted analysis method for use with silicone wristbands that minimizes chromatographic interferences such as siloxanes and lipids. • Method was applied to wristbands worn by 10 individuals over a 7-day period, and found the method was capable of capturing personal exposure to various levels of target analytes.
Donald et al., 2019	Co-deployment of LDPE and silicone wristbands to determine chemical flux above turf fields, and silicone-air portioning coefficients.	•Thermal extraction is a viable extraction method for silicone passive samplers. • Partitioning coefficients were derived for use in future studies. • Turf pore air concentrations measured by LDPE and air concentrations measure by SPSD were correlated.
Tromp et al., 2019	Assess the variability of chemical uptake and uptake capacity into silicone sheets, silicone wristbands, and PUF.	• Derived a relationship for estimating sampling rates for passive samplers. • Differences amongst samplers in chemical uptake rates for gas-phase chemicals were not found. • Silicone-air partitioning coefficients were determined for 98 chemicals.
Travis et al., 2021	Optimize a workflow for un-targeted analysis of silicone wristbands, provide confidence levels to features observed using high resolution mass spectroscopy – electron ionization, and evaluate different sample preparation techniques to maximize detections using orbitrap MS.	• Cleanup of complex matrices is necessary to produce accurate and reproducible results. • A workflow for non-targeted analysis was optimized and includes data acquisition, peak picking, feature filtering, and finally feature identification.
O’Connell et al.,2021	Utilize measurements of silicone uptake and a chemicals boiling point to create predictive models for silicone-air partitioning coefficients.	• Data from silicone samplers were translated into an equivalent air concentration, that can be compared to regulatory air concentrations.