Table 3.

Mean baseline, post massage, and change for ESAS symptom and subscale scores and paired t-test of patients and caregivers

	Patients (n=168)				Caregivers (n=40)
	Baseline	Post Massage			Baseline	Post Massage
ESAS Item	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Change┼	t	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Change┼	t
Pain	3.05 (2.60)	1.53 (1.85)	−1.55	11.62***	2.80 (2.52)	0.95 (1.33)	−1.97	6.84***
Fatigue	3.69 (2.54)	1.56 (1.69)	−2.13	13.78***	2.50 (2.32)	1.03 (1.39)	−1.54	6.19***
Nausea	0.78 (1.53)	0.28 (0.84)	−0.49	5.20***	0.13 (0.65)	0.13 (0.57)	0	0.00
Depression	1.63 (2.28)	0.75 (1.51)	−0.87	6.47***	1.53 (2.03)	0.82 (1.48)	−0.74	3.54**
Anxiety	2.23 (2.38)	0.89 (1.54)	−1.34	9.10***	2.85 (2.43)	0.85 (1.44)	−2.08	7.10***
Appetite	2.78 (2.72)	1.96 (2.25)	−0.74	4.44***	1.68 (2.72)	0.76 (1.73)	−0.82	2.26*
Drowsiness	2.02 (2.31)	1.18 (1.61)	−0.7	6.42***	1.40 (2.13)	0.77 (1.33)	−0.67	2.61*
Shortness of Breath	1.11 (1.82)	0.47 (0.99)	−0.64	6.72***	0.28 (1.06)	0.13 (0.47)	−0.15	1.18
Sleep	4.11 (2.58)	2.69 (2.53)	−1.26	6.15***	3.85 (2.68)	1.28 (1.85)	−1.93	4.72***
Well-Being	3.63 (2.26)	1.71 (1.98)	−1.95	11.21***	3.23 (2.57)	1.19 (1.71)	−1.97	5.35***
Spiritual Pain	1.43 (2.20)	0.97 (1.95)	−0.54	4.06***	1.59 (2.43)	0.82 (1.74)	−0.78	3.40**
GDS	20.88 (13.54)	10.28 (9.58)	−10.57	14.57***	16.33 (11.49)	6.66 (7.94)	−10.09	10.11***
PHS	13.42 (9.08)	6.96 (6.16)	−6.43	13.36***	8.78 (7.00)	3.75 (4.61)	−5.25	8.06***
PSS	3.87 (4.31)	1.62 (2.88)	−2.22	8.65***	4.38 (3.88)	1.67 (2.83)	−2.82	6.84***

^┼Mean change score

Note: Global Distress (GDS, 0–90); Physical Distress (PHS, 0–60); Psychological Distress (PSS, 0–20)

^*P<.05

^**P<.001

^***P<.0001.

A reduction ≥ 1 on an individual symptom score is considered a clinically significant change; for the ESAS subscales, reduction of GDS ≥ 3, PHS ≥ 2, and PSS≥ 2 indicates clinically significant changes.