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. 2022 Dec 1;24:61. doi: 10.1186/s12968-022-00896-8

Table 3.

Univariate and multivariable linear regression analyses for determinants of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, RV remodelling, and exercise capacity in healthy controls and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients

Univariate analysis Stepwise multivariable analysis
Coefficient (95% CI) P value Coefficient (95% CI) P value
Determinants of RV function (RVEF)
 RA area, cm2 − 0.619 (− 0.839, − 0.398) < 0.001 – 0.348
 TAPSE, mm 1.362 (0.900, 1.823) < 0.001 – 0.514
 RV GLS, % 1.430 (1.136, 1.723) < 0.001 0.596 (0.281, 0.911) < 0.001
 RV direct flow, % 0.820 (0.686, 0.954) < 0.001 0.587 (0.426, 0.748) < 0.001
 RV retained inflow, % 0.076 (− 0.404, 0.556) 0.754 Excluded
 RV delayed ejection flow, % 0.208 (− 0.310, 0.726) 0.428 Excluded
 RV residual volume, % − 0.649 (− 0.779, − 0.519) < 0.001 – 0.378
 RV peak systolic KEiEDV, µJ/ml 0.370 (0.141, 0.600) 0.002 0.198 (0.061, 0.336) 0.005
 RV average systolic KEiEDV, µJ/ml 0.747 (0.278, 1.216) 0.002 – 0.802
 RV peak E–wave KEiEDV, µJ/ml 0.048 (− 0.207, 0.303) 0.710 Excluded
 KE discordance 9.393 (5.136, 13.65) < 0.001 – 0.846
 Fractional flow ratio 11.964 (9.129, 14.80) < 0.001 – 0.118
 R–squared, multivariable 0.698
Determinants of adverse RV remodelling (Ln(RVEDV/LVEDV))*
 RVEF, % − 0.025 (− 0.033, − 0.017) < 0.001 – 0.997
 RA area, cm2 0.042 (0.034, 0.050) < 0.001 0.017 (0.011, 0.023) < 0.001
 TAPSE, mm − 0.051 (− 0.073, − 0.028) < 0.001 − 0.019 (− 0.031, − 0.007) 0.002
 RV GLS, % − 0.049 (− 0.065, − 0.033) < 0.001 – 0.520
 RV direct flow, % − 0.030 (− 0.038, − 0.022) < 0.001 − 0.008 (− 0.013, − 0.002) 0.007
 RV retained inflow, % 0.006 (− 0.016, 0.028) 0.589 Excluded
 RV delayed ejection flow, % 0.005 (− 0.019, 0.028) 0.703 Excluded
 RV residual volume, % 0.021 (0.014, 0.028) < 0.001 – 0.385
 RV peak systolic KEiEDV, µJ/ml 0.003 (− 0.008, 0.014) 0.628 Excluded
 RV average systolic KEiEDV, µJ/ml 0.015 (–0.008, 0.037) 0.196 Excluded
 RV peak E–wave KEiEDV, µJ/ml 0.008 (− 0.004, 0.019) 0.201 Excluded
 KE discordance − 0.129 (− 0.342, 0.083) 0.231 Excluded
 Fractional flow ratio − 0.393 (− 0.544, − 0.241) < 0.001 – 0.096
 R–squared, multivariable 0.588
Determinants of exercise capacity (Ln(% predicted peak VO2))*
 RVEF, % 0.021 (0.014, 0.028) < 0.001 – 0.228
 RA area, cm2 − 0.018 (− 0.028, − 0.008) 0.001 – 0.418
 TAPSE, mm 0.055 (0.036, 0.074) < 0.001 0.035 (0.014, 0.055) 0.001
 RV GLS, % 0.036 (0.021, 0.051) < 0.001 – 0.096
 RV direct flow, % 0.023 (0.015, 0.030) < 0.001 0.016 (0.008, 0.024) < 0.001
 RV retained inflow, % − 0.006 (− 0.025, 0.014) 0.578 Excluded
 RV delayed ejection flow, % 0.019 (− 0.002, 0.040) 0.073 Excluded
 RV residual volume, % − 0.019 (− 0.025, − 0.012) < 0.001 – 0.209
 RV peak systolic KEiEDV, µJ/ml − 0.003 (− 0.013, 0.007) 0.553 Excluded
 RV average systolic KEiEDV, µJ/ml − 0.002 (− 0.023, 0.018) 0.823 Excluded
 RV peak E–wave KEiEDV, µJ/ml − 0.007 (− 0.018, 0.003) 0.164 Excluded
 KE discordance 0.245 (0.060, 0.430) 0.010 – 0.753
 Fractional flow ratio 0.331 (0.193, 0.470) < 0.001 – 0.641
 R–squared, multivariable 0.361

Bold values indicated a statistical significance at P<0.05

CI confidence interval, RVEF right ventricular ejection fraction, RA right atrial, TAPSE tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, GLS global longitudinal strain, EDV end-diastolic volume, KEiEDV kinetic energy normalized to end-diastolic volume, KE discordance RV/LV average systolic KEiEDV, fractional flow ratio RV direct flow/RV residual volume, RVEDV right ventricular end-diastolic volume, LVEDV left ventricular end-diastolic volume, LV left ventricle, VO2 oxygen uptake. *Based on natural log-transformed (Ln) values to ensure normal distributed residual errors