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. 2022 Nov 17;13:1050574. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1050574

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Copyright © 2022 Heisel, Johnson, Gonia, Dillon, Skalla, Haapala, Jacobs, Nagel, Pierce, Fields, Demerath, Knights and Gale.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Interkingdom relationship comparisons by perinatal antibiotic exposure. Panels in A are interkingdom network maps of significant interactions between bacterial (purple) and fungal (orange) taxa and are organized by sample type. Blue line, negative correlation; green line, positive correlation. Plot in B is of interkingdom connectedness values (see Methods) by sample type. Sample n’s included in network analyses for Perinatal antibiotic-exposed (peri abx +, top row): breastmilk 19, 1-month feces 26, 6-month feces 18 and for Perinatal antibiotics unexposed (peri abx -, bottom row): breastmilk 55, 1-month feces 72, 6-month feces 62.