Table 5.
Demographics, in-hospital therapies, and outcomes among hospitalized COVID-19 patients based on vaccination status.
| Variablesa | All | Vaccination status |
p value | Time period |
p valued | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≥2 immunizations | <2 immunizations | T1 (Alpha) | T2 (Delta) | T3 (Omicron) | ||||
| n | 286 | 43 (15.03%) | 243 (84.97%) | 6 (13.95%) | 8 (18.60%) | 29 (67.44%) | ||
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Age, years | ||||||||
| Mean | 12.01 (3.94) | 14.00 (3.01) | 11.66 (3.99) | <0.001b | 15.20 (1.19) | 14.96 (1.54) | 13.48 (3.45) | 0.595b |
| Median | 13.00 (8.22, 15.70) | 15.00 (13.00, 16.00) | 12.00 (8.00, 15.00) | 15.25 (14.38, 15.60) | 15.50 (13.47, 16.00) | 14.60 (12.00, 16.00) | ||
| Age, category | ||||||||
| Child (age 5–11) | 123 (43.01%) | 7 (16.28%) | 116 (47.74%) | <0.001c | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 7 (24.14%) | 0.246c |
| Teen (age 12–17) | 163 (56.99%) | 36 (83.72%) | 127 (52.26%) | 6 (100.00%) | 8 (100.00%) | 22 (75.86%) | ||
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female | 132 (46.15%) | 22 (51.16%) | 110 (45.27%) | 0.583c | 1 (16.67%) | 4 (50.00%) | 17 (58.62%) | 0.182c |
| Male | 154 (53.85%) | 21 (48.84%) | 133 (54.73%) | 5 (83.33%) | 4 (50.00%) | 12 (41.38%) | ||
| Race | ||||||||
| Black or African American | 86 (30.07%) | 9 (20.93%) | 77 (31.69%) | 0.287c | 0 (0.00%) | 2 (25.00%) | 7 (24.14%) | 0.579c |
| White or Caucasian | 169 (59.09%) | 30 (69.77%) | 139 (57.20%) | 5 (83.33%) | 5 (62.50%) | 20 (68.97%) | ||
| Other | 31 (10.84%) | 4 (9.30%) | 27 (11.11%) | 1 (16.67%) | 1 (12.50%) | 2 (6.90%) | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 (n = 275/42/233/6/7/29) | ||||||||
| Mean | 23.55 (9.25) | 23.80 (7.51) | 23.50 (9.54) | 0.229b | 26.09 (5.07) | 25.54 (12.29) | 22.91 (6.56) | 0.200b |
| Median | 20.79 (17.27, 25.60) | 21.73 (19.57, 25.40) | 20.76 (17.06, 25.65) | 24.06 (22.09, 30.41) | 22.29 (18.44, 26.28) | 20.24 (19.25, 25.01) | ||
| In-hospital therapies | ||||||||
| O2 therapy | 91 (31.82%) | 5 (11.63%) | 86 (35.39%) | 0.004c | 1 (16.67%) | 1 (12.50%) | 3 (10.34%) | 0.803c |
| NC/NRB | 71 (24.83%) | 5 (11.63%) | 66 (27.16%) | 0.048c | 1 (16.67%) | 1 (12.50%) | 3 (10.34%) | 0.803c |
| High flow O2 | 17 (5.94%) | 1 (2.33%) | 16 (6.58%) | 0.484c | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (12.50%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0.326c |
| Primary outcomes | ||||||||
| Composite event | 74 (25.87%) | 11 (25.58%) | 63 (25.93%) | 1.000c | 4 (66.67%) | 3 (37.50%) | 4 (13.79%) | 0.013c |
| ICU-level care | 73 (25.52%) | 11 (25.58%) | 62 (25.51%) | 1.000c | 4 (66.67%) | 3 (37.50%) | 4 (13.79%) | 0.013c |
| Mechanical ventilation | 7 (2.45%) | 0 (0.00%) | 7 (2.88%) | 0.599c | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | – |
| MIS-C | 44 (15.38%) | 4 (9.30%) | 40 (16.46%) | 0.007c | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (12.50%) | 3 (10.34%) | 1.000c |
| Myocarditis | 6 (2.10%) | 1 (2.33%) | 5 (2.06%) | 1.000c | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (12.50%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1.000c |
| Death | 2 (0.70%) | 0 (0.00%) | 2 (0.82%) | – | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | – |
| Secondary outcomes | ||||||||
| Viral co-infection | 17 (5.94%) | 2 (4.65%) | 15 (6.17%) | 1.000c | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 2 (6.90%) | 1.000c |
| Length of stay, hours | ||||||||
| Mean | 92.07 (228.14) | 100.80 (164.62) | 90.53 (237.86) | 1.000b | 60.50 (20.53) | 102.96 (78.52) | 108.55 (196.52) | 0.540b |
| Median | 48.00 (26.00, 92.59) | 48.63 (25.09, 100.72) | 48.00 (26.00, 92.39) | 68.82 (53.42, 73.04) | 86.50 (37.95, 169.33) | 34.00 (24.00, 76.00) | ||
Abbreviations: BMI = body mass index; ICU = intensive care unit; MIS-C = multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children; NC = nasal cannula; NRB = non-rebreather; T1 = time period 1 (1/1/21–6/30/21); T2 = time period 2 (7/1/21–12/31/21); T3 = time period 3 (1/1/22–6/16/22).
For continuous variables, medians (interquartile ranges, IQRs) and means (standard deviation, SD) were presented. For categorical variables, frequencies (percentage) were presented.
Kruskal–Wallis test.
Chi-squared or Fisher's exact test.
See Supplementary Table S2C for p-values from multiple comparisons test; post hoc Holm-Bonferroni procedure and the Tukey–Kramer method was used for categorical and numerical variables, respectively.