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. 2022 Dec 1;10:284. doi: 10.1186/s40359-022-00998-z

Table 3.

Classification of studies according to psychological outcomes

Psychological Outcome Studies Measurement tools Prevalence
Anxiety [3436, 38, 39, 4245] GAD-7, DASS-21, HADS 21.9–73.5%
Depression [3436, 38, 39, 4245] PHQ-9, GAD-7, HADS 16.3–71.9%
PTSD [34, 37, 40, 41] IES-R, PSS-10 51.6–56.8%
Stress [35, 36, 4244] IES-R, OSS, PSS-10 15.5–63.7%
Insomnia [35, 36, 38, 39] ISI 12.4–77%
General psychological disorders [35] PSS, PHQ-9 36%

Measures’ descriptions: Depression: PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire. Anxiety: GAD-7 Generalised Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire, Depression & Anxiety: DASS-21 Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, Sleep: ISI Insomnia Severity Index; IES-R Impact of Event Scale; HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale, PSS-10 Perceived Stress Scale; PMS-9 Premenstrual Syndrome Scale; OSS Oslo 3 items for social support