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Retinal astrocyte activation in glaucoma is heterogeneous and is stage-dependent and spatially dependent. In the early stage of OHT/glaucoma, or the peripheral retina of late-stage glaucoma, cell density and GFAP expression of astrocytes are reduced. Astrocyte activation seems only to occur in some retinal areas of later-stage glaucoma, especially areas close to ONH. OHT, ocular hypertension; ONH, optic nerve.
