Table 1. Distribution of the potential risk factors for depressive symptoms stratified by sex and country and combined Zambia and South Africa.
| Sex | Country | Combined Zambia and South Africa | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Female | Zambia | South Africa | |||||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
| (N = 829) | (N = 1291) | (N = 1453) | (N = 667) | (N = 2120) | ||||||
| Socio-demographic variables | ||||||||||
| Country | ||||||||||
| Zambia | 559 | 67.4 | 894 | 69.2 | - | - | - | - | 1453 | 68.5 |
| South-Africa | 270 | 32.6 | 397 | 30.8 | - | - | - | - | 667 | 31.5 |
| Community | ||||||||||
| Z1 | 161 | 19.4 | 248 | 19.2 | 409 | 28.1 | - | - | 409 | 19.3 |
| Z2 | 160 | 19.3 | 241 | 18.7 | 401 | 27.6 | - | - | 401 | 18.9 |
| Z3 | 81 | 9.8 | 153 | 11.9 | 234 | 16.1 | - | - | 234 | 11.0 |
| Z4 | 157 | 18.9 | 252 | 19.5 | 409 | 28.1 | - | - | 409 | 19.3 |
| SA1 | 84 | 10.1 | 146 | 11.3 | - | - | 230 | 34.5 | 230 | 10.8 |
| SA2 | 72 | 8.7 | 136 | 10.5 | - | - | 208 | 31.2 | 208 | 9.8 |
| SA3 | 114 | 13.8 | 115 | 8.9 | - | - | 229 | 34.3 | 229 | 10.8 |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Male | - | - | - | - | 559 | 38.5 | 270 | 40.5 | 829 | 39.1 |
| Female | - | - | - | - | 894 | 61.5 | 397 | 59.5 | 1291 | 60.9 |
| Age | ||||||||||
| 15–17 years | 518 | 62.5 | 817 | 63.3 | 915 | 63.0 | 420 | 63.0 | 1335 | 63.0 |
| 18–19 years | 311 | 37.5 | 474 | 36.7 | 538 | 37.0 | 247 | 37.0 | 785 | 37.0 |
| Education level | ||||||||||
| None + Incomplete primary | 151 | 18.2 | 207 | 16 | 308 | 21.2 | 50 | 7.5 | 358 | 16.9 |
| Complete primary | 218 | 26.3 | 325 | 25.2 | 376 | 25.9 | 167 | 25 | 543 | 25.6 |
| Incomplete secondary | 329 | 39.7 | 489 | 37.9 | 513 | 35.3 | 305 | 45.7 | 818 | 38.6 |
| Complete secondary +Higher | 129 | 15.6 | 269 | 20.8 | 256 | 17.6 | 142 | 21.3 | 398 | 18.8 |
| missing | 2 | 0.2 | 1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0.4 | 3 | 0.1 |
| HIV-Related Risk factors | ||||||||||
| HIV Test Status | ||||||||||
| Never tested | 458 | 55.2 | 586 | 45.4 | 750 | 51.6 | 294 | 44.1 | 1044 | 49.2 |
| Tested>12 Months | 154 | 18.6 | 239 | 18.5 | 278 | 19.1 | 115 | 17.2 | 393 | 18.5 |
| Tested≤12 Months | 217 | 26.2 | 466 | 36.1 | 425 | 29.2 | 258 | 38.7 | 683 | 32.2 |
| HIV Status | ||||||||||
| Never tested | 456 | 55.0 | 584 | 45.2 | 749 | 51.5 | 291 | 43.6 | 1040 | 49.1 |
| HIV negative | 366 | 44.1 | 696 | 53.9 | 693 | 47.7 | 369 | 55.3 | 1062 | 50.1 |
| HIV positive | 5 | 0.6 | 9 | 0.7 | 10 | 0.7 | 4 | 0.6 | 14 | 0.7 |
| missing | 2 | 0.2 | 2 | 0.2 | 1 | 0.1 | 3 | 0.4 | 4 | 0.2 |
| TB Status | ||||||||||
| Asymptomatic | 547 | 66.0 | 906 | 70.2 | 967 | 66.6 | 486 | 72.9 | 1453 | 68.5 |
| Symptomatic | 279 | 33.7 | 380 | 29.4 | 481 | 33.1 | 178 | 26.7 | 659 | 31.1 |
| On treatment | 3 | 0.4 | 5 | 0.4 | 5 | 0.3 | 3 | 0.4 | 8 | 0.4 |
| Staying with a HIV positive adult or child | ||||||||||
| no | 757 | 91.3 | 1144 | 88.6 | 1307 | 90.0 | 594 | 89.1 | 1901 | 89.7 |
| yes | 69 | 8.3 | 144 | 11.2 | 146 | 10.0 | 67 | 10.0 | 213 | 10.0 |
| missing | 3 | 0.4 | 3 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 6 | 0.9 | 6 | 0.3 | |
| Stigmatizing attitude towards others | ||||||||||
| no | 501 | 60.4 | 951 | 73.7 | 1027 | 70.7 | 425 | 63.7 | 1452 | 68.5 |
| yes | 314 | 37.9 | 322 | 24.9 | 412 | 28.4 | 224 | 33.6 | 636 | 30.0 |
| missing | 14 | 1.7 | 18 | 1.4 | 14 | 1.0 | 18 | 2.7 | 32 | 1.5 |
| Sexual risk behaviour | ||||||||||
| Ever had sex | ||||||||||
| no | 457 | 55.1 | 810 | 62.7 | 914 | 62.9 | 353 | 52.9 | 1267 | 59.8 |
| yes | 370 | 44.6 | 480 | 37.2 | 539 | 37.1 | 311 | 46.6 | 850 | 40.1 |
| missing | 2 | 0.2 | 1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 0.4 | 3 | 0.1 |
| Forced into sex during last sexual encounter * | ||||||||||
| No | 355 | 95.9 | 425 | 88.5 | 473 | 87.8 | 307 | 98.7 | 780 | 91.8 |
| Yes | 15 | 4.1 | 55 | 11.5 | 66 | 12.2 | 4 | 1.3 | 70 | 8.2 |
| Age difference between last sexual partner and participant* | ||||||||||
| within ±5 years | 305 | 82.4 | 380 | 79.2 | 419 | 77.7 | 266 | 85.5 | 685 | 80.6 |
| >5 years older | 5 | 1.4 | 82 | 17.1 | 67 | 12.4 | 20 | 6.4 | 87 | 10.2 |
| ≤5 years younger | 52 | 14.1 | 7 | 1.5 | 53 | 9.8 | 6 | 1.9 | 59 | 6.9 |
| Missing | 8 | 2.2 | 11 | 2.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 19 | 6.1 | 19 | 2.2 |
| Number of sexual partners in the last 1 year * a | ||||||||||
| 0 | 68 | 18.4 | 43 | 9.0 | 111 | 20.6 | - | - | 111 | 13.1 |
| 1 | 94 | 25.4 | 196 | 40.8 | 290 | 53.8 | - | - | 290 | 34.1 |
| ≥2 | 72 | 19.5 | 66 | 13.8 | 138 | 25.6 | - | - | 138 | 16.2 |
| Missing | 136 | 36.8 | 175 | 36.5 | 0 | 0.0 | - | - | - | - |
| Condom use during last sexual intercourse* | ||||||||||
| Not used | 160 | 43.2 | 186 | 38.8 | 238 | 44.2 | 108 | 34.7 | 346 | 40.7 |
| Used | 210 | 56.8 | 294 | 61.3 | 301 | 55.8 | 203 | 65.3 | 504 | 59.3 |
| Alcohol/drug use during last sexual encounter * | ||||||||||
| no | 311 | 84.1 | 444 | 92.5% | 488 | 90.5 | 267 | 85.9 | 755 | 88.8 |
| yes | 59 | 15.9 | 36 | 7.5% | 51 | 9.5 | 44 | 14.1 | 95 | 11.2 |
| HIV Test Status* | ||||||||||
| Never tested | 176 | 47.6 | 107 | 22.3% | 191 | 35.4 | 92 | 29.6 | 283 | 33.3 |
| Tested>12 Months | 70 | 18.9 | 108 | 22.5% | 120 | 22.3 | 58 | 18.6 | 178 | 20.9 |
| Tested< = 12 Months | 124 | 33.5 | 265 | 55.2% | 228 | 42.3 | 161 | 51.8 | 389 | 45.8 |
| Circumcised** | ||||||||||
| no | 415 | 50.1 | - | - | 245 | 43.8 | 170 | 63.0 | 415 | 50.1 |
| Medical circumcision | 312 | 37.6 | - | - | 276 | 49.4 | 36 | 13.3 | 312 | 37.6 |
| Traditional circumcision | 50 | 6.0 | - | - | 26 | 4.7 | 24 | 8.9 | 50 | 6.0 |
| Declined to answer | 50 | 6.0 | - | - | 12 | 2.1 | 38 | 14.1 | 50 | 6.0 |
| Missing | 2 | 0.2 | - | - | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 0.7 | 2 | 0.2 |
| Currently Pregnant*** | ||||||||||
| no | - | - | 1254 | 97.1 | 870 | 97.3 | 384 | 96.7 | 1254 | 97.1 |
| yes | - | - | 37 | 2.9 | 24 | 2.7 | 13 | 3.3 | 37 | 2.9 |
Note:
*Among those who self-reported to ever had sex
**Among males
***Among females
“-”missing information
N = denominator
Z1-Z4 = Community 1 to community 4 in Zambia; SA1-SA3 = Community 1 to community 3 in South Africa.
%(n/N) = proportion of participants at each level of the potential risk factors expressed as a percentage for the totals in Zambia, South Africa and both countries combined.
a Collected in Zambia only