Table 2. Potential risk factors associated with depressive symptoms using the ≥12 cut-off.
| Descriptive analysis | Unadjusted model | Adjusted model 1 | Adjusted model 2 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Potential risk factors | N | n | % | OR (95%CI) | P-value† | AOR (95%CI) | P-value† | AOR (95%CI) | P-value† |
| Country | |||||||||
| Zambia | 1453 | 432 | 29.7 | Reference | 0.001 | - | - | Reference | <0.001 |
| South-Africa | 667 | 152 | 22.8 | 0.70(0.56–0.86) | - | 0.63(0.50–0.79) | |||
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male | 829 | 198 | 23.9 | Reference | 0.003 | - | - | Reference | <0.001 |
| Female | 1291 | 386 | 29.9 | 1.36(1.11–1.66) | - | 1.46(1.19–1.81) | |||
| Age | |||||||||
| 15–17 years | 1335 | 365 | 27.3 | Reference | 0.8 | - | - | Reference | 0.3 |
| 18–19 years | 785 | 219 | 27.9 | 1.03(0.84–1.25) | - | 0.88(0.71–1.10) | |||
| TB Status* | |||||||||
| Asymptomatic | 1453 | 365 | 25.1 | Reference | 0.0003 | Reference | 0.0003 | Reference | 0.001 |
| On TB treatment/Symptomatic | 667 | 219 | 32.8 | 1.46(1.19–1.78) | 1.46(1.19–1.78) | 1.41(1.15–1.74) | |||
| Staying with a HIV positive adult or child | |||||||||
| No | 1901 | 509 | 26.8 | Reference | 0.009 | Reference | 0.013 | Reference | 0.1 |
| Yes | 213 | 75 | 35.2 | 1.49(1.10–2.00) | 1.46(1.08–1.97) | 1.31(0.95–1.80) | |||
| Missing | 6 | 0 | 0.0 | - | - | - | |||
| Stigmatizing attitude towards others | |||||||||
| No | 1452 | 380 | 26.2 | Reference | 0.058 | Reference | 0.009 | Reference | 0.01 |
| Yes | 636 | 192 | 30.2 | 1.22(0.99–1.50) | 1.32(1.07–1.63) | 1.33(1.07–1.65) | |||
| Missing | 32 | 12 | 37.5 | - | - | - | |||
| Ever had sex | |||||||||
| No | 1267 | 295 | 23.3 | Reference | <0.0001 | Reference | <0.0001 | Reference | <0.001 |
| Yes | 850 | 289 | 34.0 | 1.70(1.40–2.06) | 1.91(1.55–2.35) | 1.80(1.45–2.23) | |||
| Missing | 3 | 0 | 0.0 | - | - | - | |||
| HIV Test Status | |||||||||
| Never tested | 1044 | 273 | 26.1 | Reference | 0.0119 | Reference | 0.01 | Reference | |
| Tested>12 Months | 393 | 95 | 24.2 | 0.90(0.69–1.18) | 0.90(0.68–1.18) | 0.78(0.58–1.04) | |||
| Tested≤12 Months | 683 | 216 | 31.6 | 1.31(1.06–1.62) | 1.32(1.06–1.65) | 1.18(0.94–1.50) | 0.02 | ||
| Amongst those who self-reported to ever had sex¶ | |||||||||
| Forced into sex during last sexual encounter | |||||||||
| No | 780 | 252 | 32.3 | Reference | 0.001 | Reference | 0.017 | Reference | 0.057 |
| Yes | 70 | 37 | 52.9 | 2.35(1.44–3.85) | 1.86(1.12–3.10) | 1.67(0.99–2.84) | |||
| Condom use during last sexual intercourse | |||||||||
| Not used | 346 | 135 | 39.0 | Reference | 0.011 | Reference | 0.02 | Reference | 0.053 |
| Used | 504 | 154 | 30.6 | 0.69(0.52–0.92) | 0.80(0.60–1.07) | 0.74(0.55–1.00) | |||
| Alcohol/drug use during last sexual encounter | |||||||||
| No | 755 | 243 | 32.2 | Reference | 0.002 | Reference | Reference | 0.001 | |
| Yes | 95 | 46 | 48.4 | 1.98(1.29–3.04) | 2.35(1.50–3.67) | 0.0002 | 2.18(1.37–3.47) | ||
| Amongst females¶¶ | |||||||||
| Currently Pregnant | |||||||||
| No | 1254 | 366 | 29.2 | Reference | 0.002 | Reference | Reference | 0.024 | |
| Yes | 37 | 20 | 54.1 | 2.85(1.48–5.51) | 2.94(1.51–5.70) | 0.001 | 2.22(1.11–4.45) | ||
Note:
† P-values from Likelihood ratio test
%(n/N) = proportion with depressive symptoms expressed as a percentage (Number with depressive symptoms/denominator)
“-” Information missing
OR = Odds Ratio; AOR = Adjusted Odds Ratio; CI = Confidence Interval;
* For TB status; the symptomatic and on treatment (i.e. 3/8) are collapsed into one category for the analysis at this stage
Adjusted model 1 = Adjusted for country, age and sex
Adjusted model 2 = Final model for the main analysis
Among those who reported to have sex, the baseline model is the final model in the main analysis excluding HIV test status
Among females, the baseline model is the final model in the main analysis