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. 2022 Dec 1;12:20787. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-24946-4

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© The Author(s) 2022, corrected publication 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Spatial representation (by state) of median values for four different indices regarding colony loss and minimum temperature in the first quarter (January-March) of seven consecutive years (2015–2021) for each state. (a) Normalized honey bee (Apis mellifera) colony loss. (b) Mean of minimum temperatures. (c) Kurtosis of minimum temperatures (how “extreme” the minimum temperatures were). (d) Skewness of minimum temperatures (whether they tended to concentrate in their lower or upper range). In each panel, the color attributed to a state represents the median of seven index values (first quarter of seven years). North Dakota shows a relatively low normalized colony loss (panel (a)), one of the lowest mean minimum temperature (panel (b)), and one of the lowest minimum temperature kurtosis (panel (c)). This suggests that consistently low minimum temperatures during the first quarter (low mean and low kurtosis) may be associated with lower colony loss in that state. The map has been generated by the authors in R 3.6.2⁴⁹.