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. 2022 Dec 1;17(12):e0278311. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278311

Table 2. Intra-differences analysis between initial and current levels of anxiety, stress, and depression using paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test with Bonferroni-correction.

Initial level Current level
Demographic parameter Mean Median Mean Median z p
(SD) (Q1-Q3) (SD) (Q1-Q3)
Anxiety
Gender  Female 2.66 (1.14) 3 (2–3) 1.55 (0.76) 1 (1–2) 6.69 <0.001*
Male 2.16 (1.07) 2 (1–3) 1.59 (0.75) 1 (1–2) 3.25 0.001
Teaching experience (yrs.)  < 20 years 2.6 (1.14) 3 (2–3) 1.56 (0.81) 1 (1–2) 5.87 <0.001*
≥ 20 years 2.32 (1.12) 2 (1–3) 1.57 (0.69) 1 (1–2) 4.54 <0.001*
Subject No.  < 5 subjects 2.54 (1.16) 2 (2–3) 1.6 (0.75) 1 (1–2) 6.18 <0.001*
≥ 5 subjects 2.37 (1.09) 2 (1–3) 1.49 (0.77) 1 (1–2) 4.13 <0.001*
Weekly teaching hours (hrs.)  5 to < 10 2.57 (1.03) 3 (2–3) 1.62 (0.81) 1 (1–2) 4.66 <0.001*
10 to < 15 2.42 (1.18) 2 (1–3) 1.53 (0.72) 1 (1–2) 4.41 <0.001*
15 to < 20 2.42 (1.17) 3 (1–3) 1.42 (0.69) 1 (1–2) 2.59 0.010
≥20 2.47 (1.31) 2 (1–3) 1.63 (0.76) 1 (1–2) 2.93 0.003
Psychological distress before COVID-19 No 2.26 (1.09) 2 (1–3) 1.4 (0.63) 1 (1–2) 6.19 <0.001*
Yes 3 (1.08) 3 (2–4) 1.95 (0.88) 2 (1–3) 4.13 <0.001*
Previous experience with online learning  No 2.51 (1.17) 2 (1.5–3) 1.53 (0.74) 1 (1–2) 6.90 <0.001*
Yes 2.33 (0.92) 2 (2–3) 1.71 (0.81) 2 (1–2) 2.56 0.011
Major life-changing due COVID-19 No 2.48 (1.1) 2 (2–3) 1.53 (0.72) 1 (1–2) 6.71 <0.001*
Yes 2.48 (1.27) 2 (1–3) 1.69 (0.89) 1 (1–2) 3.18 0.001
Stress
Gender  Female 2.53 (1.2) 3 (1–3) 1.63 (0.83) 1 (1–2) 6.11 <0.001*
Male 2.04 (1) 2 (1–3) 1.73 (0.92) 1 (1–2) 1.90 0.06
Teaching experience (yrs.).  < 20 years 2.49 (1.24) 3 (1–3) 1.73 (0.92) 1 (1–2) 4.63 <0.001*
≥ 20 years 2.17 (1.02) 2 (1–3) 1.59 (0.78) 1 (1–2) 4.17 <0.001*
Subject No. < 5 subjects 2.46 (1.2) 2 (1–3) 1.73 (0.9) 1 (1–2) 4.99 <0.001*
≥ 5 subjects 2.14 (1.04) 2 (1–3) 1.55 (0.77) 1 (1–2) 3.86 <0.001*
Weekly teaching hours (hrs.) 5 to < 10 2.45 (1.14) 2 (2–3) 1.66 (0.94) 1 (1–2) 3.80 <0.001*
10 to < 15 2.19 (1.16) 2 (1–3) 1.68 (0.83) 1 (1–2) 3.27 0.001
15 to < 20 2.42 (1.26) 2 (1–3) 1.63 (0.83) 1 (1–2) 2.55 0.011
≥20 2.47 (1.12) 2 (2–3) 1.68 (0.82) 1 (1–2) 2.80 0.005
Psychological distress before COVID-19 No 2.05 (1.08) 2 (1–3) 1.48 (0.73) 1 (1–2) 4.68 <0.001*
Yes 3.1 (0.98) 3 (2–4) 2.12 (0.99) 2 (1–3) 4.08 <0.001*
Previous experience with online learning No 2.37 (1.19) 2 (1–3) 1.63 (0.87) 1 (1–2) 5.75 <0.001*
Yes 2.29 (1) 2 (1.5–3) 1.83 (0.82) 2 (1–2) 2.34 0.019
Major life-changing due COVID-19 No 2.33 (1.14) 2 (1–3) 1.65 (0.86) 1 (1–2) 5.58 <0.001*
Yes 2.45 (1.21) 2 (1–3) 1.72 (0.88) 1 (1–2) 2.70 0.006
Depression
Gender Female 2.09 (1.15) 2 (1–3) 1.63 (1) 1 (1–2) 3.96 <0.001*
Male 1.75 (0.91) 2 (1–2) 1.67 (0.86) 1 (1–2) 0.73 0.463
Teaching experience (yrs.). < 20 years 1.99 (1.08) 2 (1–3) 1.54 (0.87) 1 (1–2) 3.87 <0.001*
≥ 20 years 1.94 (1.09) 2 (1–3) 1.78 (1.04) 1 (1–3) 1.30 0.192
Subject No. < 5 subjects 2.07 (1.19) 2 (1–3) 1.74 (1.03) 1 (1–3) 3.12 0.002
≥ 5 subjects 1.76 (0.8) 2 (1–2) 1.47 (0.74) 1 (1–2) 2.33 0.020
Weekly teaching hours (hrs.) 5 to < 10 1.96 (1.13) 2 (1–3) 1.58 (0.91) 1 (1–2) 2.94 0.003
10 to < 15 1.85 (0.95) 2 (1–2) 1.7 (1.01) 1 (1–2) 1.29 0.196
15 to < 20 1.95 (1.27) 1 (1–3) 1.32 (0.67) 1 (1–1) 2.17 0.030
≥20 2.32 (1.11) 2 (1–3) 2 (1.05) 2 (1–3) 1.22 0.221
Psychological distress before COVID-19 No 1.68 (0.91) 1 (1–2) 1.39 (0.71) 1 (1–2) 3.23 0.001
Yes 2.67 (1.14) 3 (2–3) 2.26 (1.17) 2 (1–3) 2.15 0.032
Previous experience with online learning  No 1.96 (1.1) 2 (1–3) 1.62 (0.95) 1 (1–2) 3.64 <0.001*
Yes 2 (0.98) 2 (1–3) 1.75 (0.94) 1 (1–2.5) 1.26 0.209
Major life-changing due COVID-19 No 1.89 (1.01) 2 (1–3) 1.63 (0.97) 1 (1–2) 0.30 0.003
Yes 2.28 (1.31) 2 (1–3) 1.69 (0.89) 1 (1–2) 2.61 0.009

* significant at p<0.00104