Confluent cell cultures of human pleural mesothelial cells (HPMC) (a) and human pleural fibroblasts (HPF) (d). HPMC show polygonal appearance characteristic at confluency, whereas HPF are spindle-shaped cells, growing in parallel, whorl-forming arrays (phase-contrast microscopy; original magnification, x10). Immunofluorescent staining of fixed human mesothelial cells and fibroblasts with (b) monoclonal anti-vimentin and (c) monoclonal anti-cytokeratin for HPMC, x20 and (e) monoclonal anti-PHD1 and (f) monoclonal anti-cytokeratin for HPF, controls where primary antibody has been omitted do not show any unspecific binding, Scale bar = 50 and 100 μm.