Table 2:
Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation Treatment Responder Status: Baseline Differences and Prediction of Treatment Response
| Baseline measures |
Prediction |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Responder | Non-Responder | ADHD sxs | Resp status | |||
|
|
||||||
| mean (SD) | mean (SD) | F | β [CI] | t | AUC (SE) | |
| Child Behavior Checklist | ||||||
| Sluggish Cognitive Tempo | 66.0 (8.2) | 60.3 (8.9) | 7.3** | −0.41 [−.7, −.1] | −3.1*** | 0.69 (0.1) |
| BRIEF Rating Scale | ||||||
| Initiate | 69.8 (10.6) | 62.6 (8.7) | 7.2** | −0.13 [−.3, .1] | −0.9 | |
| Working Memory | 76.4 (6.5) | 68.0 (6.5) | 20.7*** | −0.41 [−.7, −.1] | −2.9*** | 0.83 (.1)** |
| Planning | 73.1 (9.0) | 62.7 (8.5) | 17.8*** | −0.36 [−.5, −.1] | −2.6** | 0.75 (.1)* |
| Organization | 61.2 (9.6) | 55.5 (6.7) | 5.9* | −0.21 [−.5, .1] | −1.4 | |
| Metacognition | 73.2 (8.6) | 64.9 (6.5) | 14.9*** | −0.32 [−.6, −.03] | −2.2* | 0.74 (.1)* |
| General Executive Composite | 72.2 (10.3) | 66.0 (7.4) | 5.8* | −0.79 [−.3, .18] | −0.6 | |
| Wide Range Achievement Test | ||||||
| Spelling | 102.5 (17) | 112 (14.1) | 4.6* | 0.24 [−.03, .3] | 1.7**** | |
| Reading | 102.5 (16.3) | 111.1 (14.4) | 3.9**** | |||
| Math | 98.9 (12.4) | 108.1 (18.7) | 4.1* | 0.21 [−.04, .24] | 1.5 | |
| Flanker Task | ||||||
| Accuracy | 0.66 (0.2) | 0.62 (0.2) | <1 | |||
| Reaction time | 658 (121) | 621 (106) | 1.2 | |||
| Reation time Variability | 191 (54) | 190 (68) | <1 | |||
| Working Memory | ||||||
| WISC Digit Span | 9.6 (2.3) | 10.8 (2.6) | 3.3**** | |||
| SWM Accuracy | 0.73 (0.1) | 0.71 (0.1) | <1 | |||
| EEG | ||||||
| F4 theta (4–7 Hz) power | 51.7 (6) | 54.7 (4.3) | 7.7** | 0.43 [.2 1.1] | 3.0*** | 0.23 (.1) |
| F4 alpha (8–12 Hz) power | 49.6 (5.8) | 52.9 (3.9) | 8.3** | 0.44 [.3, 1.2] | 3.2*** | 0.21 (.1) |
Note. Responders had poorer cognitive performance and lower EEG power at baseline. BRIEF Working Memory score was the strongest predictor of treatment response and post treatment ADHD symptoms treatment. ADHD sxs = Attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms post TNS treatment; AUC=area under curve; β=standardized Beta coefficient; BRIEF=Behavioral ratings of individual executive functions; CI= 95% confidence interval; EEG=electroencephalogram; Hz=hertz; SWM=spatial working memory; SE=standard error; WISC=Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.
*
p <.05
**
p < .01
***
p <.005
****
p <.1