Table 1. Hand preferences of anthropoid species as recovered by the tube task.
Bold numbers indicate significant results. Results marked with an asterisk (*) remain significant after Bonferroni correction.
| Species | N | # Left (%) | # Right (%) | # Ambipreferent (%) | MeanHI | MeanAbsHI | Species direction bias (HI), p value | Species L/R/A distribution, p value | nGenus | Genus direction bias (HI), p value | Genus L/R/A distribution, p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ateles fusciceps | 46 | 20 (43.5) | 22 (47.8) | 4 (8.7) | 0.063 | 0.798 | 0.618 | 0.288 | 87 | 0.759 | 0.031 |
| Ateles geoffroyi | 23 | 10 (43.5) | 11 (47.8) | 2 (8.7) | 0.061 | 0.829 | 0.748 | 0.536 | |||
| Ateles hybridus | 18 | 13 (72.2) | 5 (27.8) | 0 | –0.377 | 0.917 | 0.086 | 0.018 | |||
| Cercocebus torquatus | 31 | 13 (41.9) | 11 (35.5) | 7 (22.6) | –0.029 | 0.665 | 0.832 | 0.836 | 31 | 0.832 | 0.836 |
| Cercopithecus diana | 20 | 7 (35) | 10 (50) | 3 (15) | 0.178 | 0.755 | 0.339 | 0.836 | 45 | 0.572 | 0.222 |
| Cercopithecus neglectus | 25 | 14 (56) | 7 (28) | 4 (16) | –0.258 | 0.621 | 0.061 | 0.140 | |||
| Gorilla gorilla | 76 | 17 (22.4) | 41 (53.9) | 18 (23.7) | 0.248 | 0.541 | <0.001* | 0.007 | 76 | <0.001* | 0.007 |
| Homo sapiens | 127 | 12 (9.5) | 111 (87.4) | 4 (3.1) | 0.761 | 0.943 | <0.001* | <0.001* | 127 | <0.001* | <0.001* |
| Hylobates lar | 36 | 17 (47.2) | 16 (44.5) | 3 (8.3) | –0.011 | 0.614 | 0.924 | 0.182 | 58 | 0.612 | 0.125 |
| Hylobates moloch | 22 | 11 (50) | 8 (36.4) | 3 (13.6) | –0.115 | 0.799 | 0.540 | 0.552 | |||
| Leontopithecus chrysomelas | 30 | 7 (23.3) | 12 (40) | 11 (36.7) | 0.151 | 0.514 | 0.171 | 0.012 | 73 | 0.241 | <0.001* |
| Leontopithecus chrysopygus | 15 | 3 (20) | 4 (26.7) | 8 (53.3) | 0.039 | 0.350 | 0.744 | 0.001* | |||
| Leontopithecus rosalia | 28 | 10 (35.7) | 8 (28.6) | 10 (35.7) | 0.022 | 0.502 | 0.850 | 0.033 | |||
| Macaca fascicularis | 20 | 8 (45) | 10 (45) | 2 (10) | –0.036 | 0.684 | 0.835 | 0.233 | 102 | 0.692 | 0.863 |
| Macaca nemestrina | 29 | 9 (31) | 11 (37.9) | 9 (31) | 0.035 | 0.527 | 0.768 | 0.750 | |||
| Macaca silenus | 35 | 14 (40) | 9 (25.7) | 12 (34.3) | –0.051 | 0.467 | 0.596 | 0.328 | |||
| Macaca sylvanus | 24 | 12 (50) | 10 (41.7) | 2 (8.3) | –0.025 | 0.670 | 0.873 | 0.129 | |||
| Macaca tonkeana | 14 | 5 (35.7) | 3 (21.4) | 6 (42.9) | –0.057 | 0.543 | 0.753 | 0.291 | |||
| Mandrillus sphinx | 32 | 6 (18.8) | 10 (31.2) | 16 (50) | 0.034 | 0.389 | 0.701 | 0.006 | 32 | 0.701 | 0.006 |
| Nomascus gabriellae | 10 | 5 (50) | 2 (20) | 3 (30) | –0.173 | 0.618 | 0.465 | 0.436 | 36 | 0.539 | 0.805 |
| Nomascus leucogenys | 26 | 9 (34.6) | 11 (42.3) | 6 (23.1) | –0.031 | 0.555 | 0.818 | 0.869 | |||
| Pan paniscus | 118 | 50 (42.4) | 51 (43.2) | 17 (14.4) | 0.044 | 0.529 | 0.431 | 0.237 | 654 | <0.001* | <0.001* |
| Pan troglodytes | 536 | 155 (28.9) | 266 (49.6) | 115 (21.5) | 0.133 | 0.507 | <0.001* | <0.001* | |||
| Papio anubis | 84 | 27 (32.1) | 41 (48.8) | 16 (19.1) | 0.108 | 0.527 | 0.102 | 0.073 | 108 | 0.079 | 0.239 |
| Papio hamadryas | 24 | 6 (25) | 7 (29.2) | 11 (45.8) | 0.066 | 0.408 | 0.533 | 0.082 | |||
| Pithecia pithecia | 7 | 5 (71.4) | 2 (28.6) | 0 | –0.385 | 0.934 | 0.312 | 0.221 | 7 | NA | 0.221 |
| Pongo sp. | 47 | 27 (57.5) | 9 (19.1) | 11 (23.4) | –0.225 | 0.487 | 0.006 | 0.012 | 47 | 0.006 | 0.012 |
| Pygathrix cinerea | 18 | 6 (33.3) | 10 (55.6) | 2 (11.1) | 0.165 | 0.499 | 0.268 | 0.196 | 18 | 0.268 | 0.196 |
| Rhinopithecus roxellana | 24 | 17 (70.8) | 7 (29.2) | 0 | –0.319 | 0.729 | 0.040 | <0.001* | 24 | 0.040 | <0.001* |
| Saimiri sciureus | 36 | 21 (58.4) | 14 (38.9) | 1 (2.7) | –0.119 | 0.757 | 0.382 | 0.031 | 36 | 0.382 | 0.031 |
| Sapajus apella | 25 | 11 (44) | 10 (40) | 4 (16) | –0.028 | 0.687 | 0.854 | 0.961 | 80 | 0.922 | 0.905 |
| Sapajus flavius | 21 | 10 (47.6) | 7 (33.3) | 4 (19) | –0.130 | 0.769 | 0.495 | 0.755 | |||
| Sapajus xanthosternos | 34 | 14 (41.2) | 15 (44.1) | 5 (14.7) | 0.089 | 0.677 | 0.492 | 0.906 | |||
| Semnopithecus entellus | 30 | 15 (50) | 7 (23.4) | 8 (26.6) | –0.184 | 0.560 | 0.110 | 0.315 | 30 | 0.110 | 0.315 |
| Symphalangus syndactylus | 31 | 11 (35.5) | 9 (29) | 11 (35.5) | –0.048 | 0.482 | 0.663 | 0.118 | 31 | 0.663 | 0.118 |
| Theropithecus gelada | 38 | 6 (15.8) | 6 (15.8) | 26 (68.4) | 0.053 | 0.257 | 0.326 | <0.001* | 38 | 0.326 | <0.001* |
| Trachypithecus auratus | 8 | 5 (62.5) | 3 (37.5) | 0 | –0.256 | 0.984 | 0.499 | 0.176 | 26 | 0.153 | 0.004 |
| Trachypithecus hatinhensis | 18 | 11 (61.1) | 7 (38.9) | 0 | –0.248 | 0.817 | 0.219 | 0.023 |