Table 4. Composition of the study sample, listing taxonomic identity, sex, age, and origin of subjects.
See cited studies for locations of individuals drawn from the literature.
| Family | Species | # Subjects tested | # Subjects drawn from literature* | Total sample | # Adult females | # Adult males | # Subadult females | # Subadult males | # Unsexed subadults | Locations for subjects in this study |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atelidae | Ateles fusciceps | 37 | 9§ | 46 | 30 | 11 | 3 | 2 | 0 | Berlin (Zoo), Doué-la-Fontaine, Landau, Mulhouse, Munich, Osnabrück, Wuppertal |
| Atelidae | Ateles geoffroyi | 9 | 14¶ | 23 | 12 | 9 | 0 | 2 | 0 | Basel, Karlsruhe |
| Atelidae | Ateles hybridus | 18 | 18 | 10 | 7 | 0 | 1 | 0 | Doué-la-Fontaine, Erfurt, Frankfurt, Neuwied, Stuttgart | |
| Callitrichidae | Leontopithecus chrysomelas | 30 | 30 | 11 | 16 | 2 | 1 | 0 | Apeldoorn, Karlsruhe, Magdeburg, Mulhouse, São Paulo, Stuttgart, Wuppertal | |
| Callitrichidae | Leontopithecus chrysopygus | 15 | 15 | 6 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | São Paulo | |
| Callitrichidae | Leontopithecus rosalia | 28 | 28 | 7 | 16 | 0 | 5 | 0 | Apeldoorn, Basel, Doué-la-Fontaine, Duisburg, Frankfurt, Heidelberg, Landau, Magdeburg, Münster, São Paulo |
|
| Cebidae | Saimiri sciureus | 36** | 36 | 14 | 16 | 5 | 1 | 0 | ||
| Cebidae | Sapajus apella | 25††,‡ ‡ | 25 | 10 | 11 | 0 | 4 | 0 | ||
| Cebidae | Sapajus flavius | 3 | 18‡ ‡ | 21 | 7 | 9 | 2 | 3 | 0 | São Paulo |
| Cebidae | Sapajus xanthosternos | 16 | 18‡ ‡ | 34 | 11 | 19 | 1 | 2 | 1 | Apeldoorn, Magdeburg, Münster, Overloon |
| Cercopithecidae | Cercocebus torquatus | 18 | 13§ § | 31 | 15 | 13 | 1 | 2 | 0 | Apeldoorn, Berlin (Tierpark), Karlsruhe, Münster |
| Cercopithecidae | Cercopithecus diana/roloway | 20 | 20 | 9 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 0 | Amsterdam, Berlin (Tierpark), Doué-la-Fontaine, Duisburg, Heidelberg, Liberec, Mulhouse, Osnabrück |
|
| Cercopithecidae | Cercopithecus neglectus | 12 | 13§ §,¶ ¶ | 25 | 8 | 12 | 1 | 4 | 0 | Bekesbourne, Duisburg, Hannover, Overloon |
| Cercopithecidae | Macaca fascicularis | 12 | 8*** | 20 | 13 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Basel, Hamm, Mönchengladbach |
| Cercopithecidae | Macaca nemestrina | 29 | 29 | 12 | 15 | 0 | 1 | 1 | Arnhem, Bali, Berlin (Tierpark), Gelsenkirchen, Osnabrück | |
| Cercopithecidae | Macaca silenus | 35 | 35 | 16 | 17 | 1 | 1 | 0 | Apeldoorn, Bekesbourne, Berlin (Zoo), Cologne, Dresden, Duisburg, Hodenhagen, Rheine | |
| Cercopithecidae | Macaca sylvanus | 15 | 9†††,‡ ‡ ‡ | 24 | 11 | 12 | 0 | 1 | 0 | Aachen, Rheine |
| Cercopithecidae | Macaca tonkeana † | 14§ § § | 14 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| Cercopithecidae | Mandrillus sphinx | 32 | 32 | 14 | 7 | 4 | 7 | 0 | Amsterdam, Berlin (Zoo), Dresden, Hamm, Hodenhagen | |
| Cercopithecidae | Papio anubis | 84¶ ¶ ¶ | 84 | 48 | 22 | 5 | 9 | 0 | ||
| Cercopithecidae | Papio hamadryas | 24 | 24 | 14 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Cologne, Frankfurt, Krefeld | |
| Cercopithecidae | Pygathrix cinerea | 18**** | 18 | 7 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Cercopithecidae | Rhinopithecus roxellana | 24†††† | 24 | 8 | 5 | 8 | 3 | 0 | ||
| Cercopithecidae | Semnopithecus entellus | 30 | 30 | 17 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 0 | Apeldoorn, Berlin (Zoo), Gelsenkirchen, Hannover, Heidelberg | |
| Cercopithecidae | Theropithecus gelada | 38 | 38 | 20 | 11 | 4 | 3 | 0 | Bekesbourne, Berlin (Tierpark), Magdeburg, Rheine, Stuttgart | |
| Cercopithecidae | Trachypithecus auratus | 8 | 8 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 0 | Bali, Stuttgart | |
| Cercopithecidae | Trachypithecus hatinhensis | 18**** | 18 | 8 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Hominidae | Gorilla gorilla | 76‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ | 76 | 22 | 18 | 19 | 17 | 0 | ||
| Hominidae | Homo sapiens | 127§ § § § | 127 | 71 | 56 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Hominidae | Pan paniscus | 118‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ | 118 | 29 | 23 | 35 | 31 | 0 | ||
| Hominidae | Pan troglodytes | 536‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ | 536 | 186 | 138 | 110 | 102 | 0 | ||
| Hominidae | Pongo sp. | 47‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ | 47 | 17 | 12 | 9 | 9 | 0 | ||
| Hylobatidae | Hylobates lar | 16 | 20¶ ¶ ¶ ¶,*****, ††††† | 36 | 14 | 18 | 2 | 2 | 0 | Berlin (Tierpark), Cologne, Doué-la-Fontaine, Landau, Stuttgart, Ulm, Wuppertal |
| Hylobatidae | Hylobates moloch | 22 | 22 | 8 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 0 | Bekesbourne, Lympne, Munich | |
| Hylobatidae | Nomascus gabriellae | 6 | 4***** | 10 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | Arnhem, Doué-la-Fontaine |
| Hylobatidae | Nomascus leucogenys /siki | 7 | 19¶ ¶ ¶ ¶,*****, ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ | 26 | 15 | 7 | 1 | 3 | 0 | Apeldoorn, Frankfurt, Osnabrück |
| Hylobatidae | Symphalangus syndactylus | 14 | 17¶ ¶ ¶ ¶, ***** | 31 | 12 | 11 | 4 | 4 | 0 | Arnhem, Bekesbourne, Berlin (Zoo), Dortmund, Doué-la-Fontaine, Munich, Arnhem, Hodenhagen, Osnabrück |
| Pitheciidae | Pithecia pithecia | 7 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Basel, Dresden, Krefeld | |
| Total ‡ | 501 | 1285 | 1786 | 724 | 583 | 231 | 232 | 2 |
*
Fulfilling our criteria.
†
Ages unknown, sex derived from given names.
‡
Not including M. tonkeana in sex and age specific categories.
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