FIGURE 5.

Knockdown of ZBTB11 increases R‐loop accumulation to induce DNA damage and apoptosis in BC cells. (A) The expression of DDX1 in BC cells was knocked down by shRNAs; expressions of DDX1 and γH2AX were detected by Western blot. (B) R‐loop in BC cells with DDX1 knockdown was detected by Dot blot using S9.6 antibody. (C) R‐loop and DNA damage in DDX1 knockdown BC cells were detected by immunofluorescence using antibodies against S9.6 and γH2AX, respectively. Scale bar, 10 μm. (D) The apoptosis of DDX1 knockdown BC cells was analysed using flow cytometry. (E) Percentages of apoptotic cells are presented as a bar chart. Statistical significance was assessed using one‐way analysis of variance. (F, G) The proliferation and colony formation ability of DDX1 knockdown BC cells were evaluated using MTT assay and colony formation assay, respectively. The relative cell growth curves and numbers of colonies are shown. Statistical significance was assessed using one‐way or two‐way analysis of variance.